＜聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約＞中英文對(duì)照
聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同公約
本公約于1988年1月1日生效。1981年9月30日我國(guó)政府代表簽署本公約，1986年12月11日交存核準(zhǔn)書。核準(zhǔn)書載明，中國(guó)不受公約第一條第1款( b)、第十一條及與第十一條內(nèi)容有關(guān)的規(guī)定的約束。
(1980年4月11日訂于維也納)
本公約各締約國(guó)：
銘記聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)第六屆特別會(huì)議通過的關(guān)于建立新的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的各項(xiàng)決議的廣泛目標(biāo)。
考慮到在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展國(guó)際貿(mào)易是促進(jìn)各國(guó)間友好關(guān)系的一個(gè)重要因素，認(rèn)為采用照顧到不同的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和法律制度的國(guó)際貨物銷售合同統(tǒng)一規(guī)則，將有助于減少國(guó)際貿(mào)易的法律障礙，促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，茲協(xié)議如下：
第一部分 適用范圍和總則
第一章 適用范圍
第一條
(1)本公約適用于營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人之間所訂立的貨物銷售合同：
(a)如果這些國(guó)家是締約國(guó)；或
(b)如果國(guó)際私法規(guī)則導(dǎo)致適用某一締約國(guó)的法律。
(2)當(dāng)事人營(yíng)業(yè)地在不同國(guó)家的事實(shí)，如果從訂立合同前任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)，當(dāng)事人之間的任何交易或當(dāng)事人透露的情報(bào)均看不出，應(yīng)不予考慮。
(3)在確定本公約的適用時(shí)，當(dāng)事人的國(guó)籍和當(dāng)事人或合同的民事或商業(yè)性應(yīng)不予考慮。
第二條
本公約不適用于以下的銷售：
(a)購(gòu)供私人、家人或家庭使用的貨物的銷售，除非賣方在訂立合同前任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)不知道而且沒有理由知道這些貨物是購(gòu)供任何這種使用；
(b)經(jīng)由拍賣的銷售；
(c)根據(jù)法律執(zhí)行令狀或其他令狀的銷售；
(d)公債、股票、投資證券、流通票據(jù)或貨幣的銷售；
(e)船舶、船只、氣墊船或飛機(jī)的銷售；
(f)電力的銷售。
第三條
(1)供應(yīng)尚待制造或生產(chǎn)的貨物的合同應(yīng)視為銷售合同，除非訂購(gòu)貨物的當(dāng)事人保證供應(yīng)這種制造或生產(chǎn)所需的大部分重要材料。
(2)本公約不適用于供應(yīng)貨物一方的絕大部分義務(wù)在于供應(yīng)勞力或其他服務(wù)的合同。
第四條
本公約只適用于銷售合同的訂立和賣方和買方因此種合同而產(chǎn)生的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。特別是，本公約除非另有明文規(guī)定，與以下事項(xiàng)無關(guān)：
(a)合同的效力，或其任何條款的效力，或任何慣例的效力；
(b)合同對(duì)所售貨物所有權(quán)可能產(chǎn)生的影響。
第五條
本公約不適用于賣方對(duì)于貨物對(duì)任何人所造成的死亡或傷害的責(zé)任。
第六條
雙方當(dāng)事人可以不適用本公約，或在第十二條的條件下，減損本公約的任何規(guī)定或改變其效力。
第二章 總 則
第七條
(1)在解釋本公約時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮到本公約的國(guó)際性質(zhì)和促進(jìn)其適用的統(tǒng)一以及在國(guó)際貿(mào)易上遵守誠(chéng)信的需要。
(2)凡本公約未明確解決的屬于本公約范圍的問題，應(yīng)按照本公約所依據(jù)的一般原則來解決，在沒有一般原則的情況下，則應(yīng)按照國(guó)際私法規(guī)定適用的法律來解決。
第八條
(1)為本公約的目的，一方當(dāng)事人所作的聲明和其他行為，應(yīng)依照他的意旨解釋，如果另一方當(dāng)事人已知道或者不可能不知道此一意旨。
(2)如果上一款的規(guī)定不適用，當(dāng)事人所作的聲明和其他行為，應(yīng)按照一個(gè)與另一方當(dāng)事人同等資格、通情達(dá)理的人處于相同情況中，應(yīng)有的理解來解釋。
(3)在確定一方當(dāng)事人的意旨或一個(gè)通情達(dá)理的人應(yīng)有的理解時(shí)，應(yīng)適當(dāng)?shù)乜紤]到與事實(shí)有關(guān)的一切情況，包括談判情形、當(dāng)事人之間確立的任何習(xí)慣做法、慣例和當(dāng)事人其后的任何行為。
第九條
(1)雙方當(dāng)事人業(yè)已同意的任何慣例和他們之間確立的任何習(xí)慣做法，對(duì)雙方當(dāng)事人均有約束力。
(2)除非另有協(xié)議，雙方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)視為已默示地同意對(duì)他們的合同或合同的訂立適用雙方當(dāng)事人已知道或理應(yīng)知道的慣例，而這種慣例，在國(guó)際貿(mào)易上，已為有關(guān)特定貿(mào)易所涉同類合同的當(dāng)事人所廣泛知道并為他們所經(jīng)常遵守。
第十條
為本公約的目的：
(a)如果當(dāng)事人有一個(gè)以上的營(yíng)業(yè)地，則以與合同及合同的履行關(guān)系最密切的營(yíng)業(yè)地為其營(yíng)業(yè)地，但要考慮到雙方當(dāng)事人在訂立合同前任何時(shí)候或訂立合同時(shí)所知道或所設(shè)想的情況；
(b)如果當(dāng)事人沒有營(yíng)業(yè)地，則以其慣常居住地為準(zhǔn)。
第十一條
銷售合同無須以書面訂立或書面證明，在形式方面也不受任何其他條件的限制。銷售合同可以用包括人證在內(nèi)的任何方法證明。
第十二條
本公約第十一條、第二十九條或第二部分準(zhǔn)許銷售合同或其更改或根據(jù)協(xié)議終止，或者任何發(fā)價(jià)、接受或其他意旨表示得以書面以外任何形式做出的任何規(guī)定不適用，如果任何一方當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地是在已按照本公約第九十六條做出了聲明的一個(gè)締約國(guó)內(nèi)；各當(dāng)事人不得減損本條或改變其效力。
第十三條
為本公約的目的，“書面”包括電報(bào)和電傳。
第二部分 合同的訂立
第十四條
(1)向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上特定的人提出的訂立合同的建議，如果十分確定并且表明發(fā)價(jià)人在得到接受時(shí)承受約束的意旨，即構(gòu)成發(fā)價(jià)。一個(gè)建議如果寫明貨物并且明示或暗示地規(guī)定數(shù)量和價(jià)格或規(guī)定如何確定數(shù)量和價(jià)格，即為十分確定。
(2)非向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上特定的人提出的建議，僅應(yīng)視為邀請(qǐng)做出發(fā)價(jià)，除非提出建議的人明確地表示相反的意向。
第十五條
(1)發(fā)價(jià)于送達(dá)被發(fā)價(jià)人時(shí)生效。
(2)一項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)，即使是不可撤銷的，得予撤回，如果撤回通知于發(fā)價(jià)送達(dá)被發(fā)價(jià)人之前或同時(shí)，送達(dá)被發(fā)價(jià)人。
第十六條
(1)在未訂立合同之前，發(fā)價(jià)得予撤銷，如果撤銷通知于被發(fā)價(jià)人發(fā)出接受通知之前送達(dá)被發(fā)價(jià)人。
(2)但在下列情況下，發(fā)價(jià)不得撤銷：
(a)發(fā)價(jià)寫明接受發(fā)價(jià)的期限或以其他方式表示發(fā)價(jià)是不可撤銷的；或
(b)被發(fā)價(jià)人有理由信賴該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)是不可撤銷的，而且被發(fā)價(jià)人已本著對(duì)該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)的信賴行事。
第十七條
一項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)，即使是不可撤銷的，于拒絕通知送達(dá)發(fā)價(jià)人時(shí)終止。
第十八條
(1)被發(fā)價(jià)人聲明或做出其他行為表示同意一項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)，即是接受。緘默或不行動(dòng)本身不等于接受。
(2)接受發(fā)價(jià)于表示同意的通知送達(dá)發(fā)價(jià)人時(shí)生效。如果表示同意的通知在發(fā)價(jià)人所規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)，如未規(guī)定時(shí)間，在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)，未曾送達(dá)發(fā)價(jià)人，接受就成為無效，但須適當(dāng)?shù)乜紤]到交易的情況，包括發(fā)價(jià)人所使用的通訊方法的迅速程度。對(duì)口頭發(fā)價(jià)必須立即接受，但情況有別者不在此限。
(3)但是，如果根據(jù)該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)或依照當(dāng)事人之間確立的習(xí)慣作法或慣例，被發(fā)價(jià)人可以做出某種行為，例如與發(fā)運(yùn)貨物或支付價(jià)款有關(guān)的行為，來表示同意，而無須向發(fā)價(jià)人發(fā)出時(shí)通知，則接受于該項(xiàng)行為做出通知，但該項(xiàng)行為必須在上一款所規(guī)定的期間內(nèi)做出。
第十九條
(1)對(duì)發(fā)價(jià)表示接受但載有添加、限制或其他更改的答復(fù)，即為拒絕該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)并構(gòu)成還價(jià)。
(2)但是，對(duì)發(fā)價(jià)表示接受但載有添加或不同條件的答復(fù)，如所載的添加或不同條件在實(shí)質(zhì)上并不變更該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)的條件，除發(fā)價(jià)人在不過分遲延的期間內(nèi)以口頭或書面通知反對(duì)其間的差異外，仍構(gòu)成接受。如果發(fā)價(jià)人不做出這種反對(duì)，合同的條件就以該項(xiàng)發(fā)價(jià)的條件以及接受通知內(nèi)所載的更改為準(zhǔn)。
(3)有關(guān)貨物價(jià)格、付款、貨物質(zhì)量和數(shù)量、交貨地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間、一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)另一方當(dāng)事人的賠償責(zé)任范圍或解決爭(zhēng)端等等的添加或不同條件，均視為在實(shí)質(zhì)上變更發(fā)價(jià)的條件。
第二十條
(1)發(fā)價(jià)人在電報(bào)或信件內(nèi)規(guī)定的接受期間，從電報(bào)交發(fā)時(shí)刻或信上載明的發(fā)信日期起算，如信上未載明發(fā)信日期，則從信封上所載日期起算。發(fā)價(jià)人以電話、電傳或其他快速通訊方法規(guī)定的接受期間，從發(fā)價(jià)送達(dá)被發(fā)價(jià)人時(shí)起算。
(2)在計(jì)算接受期間時(shí)，接受期間內(nèi)的正式假日或非營(yíng)業(yè)日應(yīng)計(jì)算在內(nèi)。但是如果接受通知在接受期間的最后一天未能送到發(fā)價(jià)人地址，因?yàn)槟翘煸诎l(fā)價(jià)人營(yíng)業(yè)地是正式假日或非營(yíng)業(yè)日，則接受期間應(yīng)順延至下一個(gè)營(yíng)業(yè)日。
第二十一條
(1)逾期接受仍有接受的效力，如果發(fā)價(jià)人毫不遲延地用口頭或書面將此種意見通知被發(fā)價(jià)人。
(2)如果載有逾期接受的信件或其他書面文件表明，它是在傳遞正常、能及時(shí)送達(dá)發(fā)價(jià)人的情況下寄發(fā)的，則該項(xiàng)逾期接受具有接受的效力，除非發(fā)價(jià)人毫不遲延地用口頭或書面通知被發(fā)價(jià)人：他認(rèn)為他的發(fā)價(jià)已經(jīng)失效。
第二十二條
接受得予撤回，如果撤回通知于接受原應(yīng)生效之前或同時(shí)，送達(dá)發(fā)價(jià)人。
第二十三條
合同于按照本公約規(guī)定對(duì)發(fā)價(jià)的接受生效時(shí)訂立。
第二十四條
為公約本部分的目的，發(fā)價(jià)、接受聲明或任何其他意旨表示“送達(dá)” 對(duì)方，系指用口頭通知對(duì)方或通過任何其他方法送交對(duì)方本人，或其營(yíng)業(yè)地或通訊地址，如無營(yíng)業(yè)地或通訊地址，則送交對(duì)方慣常居住地。
第三部分 貨物銷售
第一章 總 則
第二十五條 （根本違約的含義）
一方當(dāng)事人違反合同的結(jié)果，如使另一方當(dāng)事人蒙受損害，以致實(shí)質(zhì)上上剝奪了他根據(jù)合同規(guī)定有權(quán)期待得到的東西（廣義利益），（違反合同和客觀損害之間的因果關(guān)系）即為根本違反合同，除非違反合同一方并不預(yù)見而且一個(gè)同等資格、通情達(dá)理的人處于相同情況中也沒有理由預(yù)見會(huì)發(fā)生這種結(jié)果。 （意外事件？）（將違約行為which附帶解除合同的后果 限制在訂約時(shí)可預(yù)見的范圍內(nèi)，使違約負(fù)擔(dān)的責(zé)任控制在一定范圍內(nèi)）
第二十六條
宣告合同無效的聲明，必須向另一方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出通知，方始有效。
第二十七條
除非公約本部分另有明文規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人按照本部分的規(guī)定，以適合情況的方法發(fā)出任何通知、要求或其他通知后，這種通知如在傳遞上發(fā)生耽擱或錯(cuò)誤，或者未能到達(dá)，并不使該當(dāng)事人喪失依靠該項(xiàng)通知的權(quán)利。
第二十八條
如果按照本公約的規(guī)定，一方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)要求另一方當(dāng)事人履行某一義務(wù)，法院沒有義務(wù)做出判決，要求具體履行此一義務(wù)，除非法院依照其本身的法律對(duì)不屬本公約范圍的類似銷售合同愿意這樣做。
第二十九條
(1)合同只需雙方當(dāng)事人協(xié)議，就可更改或終止。
(2)規(guī)定任何更改或根據(jù)協(xié)議終止必須以書面做出的書面合同，不得以任何其他方式更改或根據(jù)協(xié)議終止。但是，一方當(dāng)事人的行為，如經(jīng)另一方當(dāng)事人寄以信賴，就不得堅(jiān)持此項(xiàng)規(guī)定。
第二章 賣方的義務(wù)
第三十條
賣方必須按照合同和本公約的規(guī)定，交付貨物，移交一切與貨物有關(guān)的單據(jù)并轉(zhuǎn)移貨物所有權(quán)。
第一節(jié) 交付貨物和移交單據(jù)
第三十一條
如果賣方?jīng)]有義務(wù)要在任何其他特定地點(diǎn)交付貨物，他的交貨義務(wù)如下：
(a)如果銷售合同涉及到貨物的運(yùn)輸，賣方應(yīng)把貨物移交給第一承運(yùn)人，以運(yùn)交給買方；
(b)在不屬于上一款規(guī)定的情況下，如果合同指的是特定貨物或從特定存貨中提取的或尚待制造或生產(chǎn)的未經(jīng)特定化的貨物，而雙方當(dāng)事人在訂立合同時(shí)已知道這些貨物是在某一特定地點(diǎn)，或?qū)⒃谀骋惶囟ǖ攸c(diǎn)制造或生產(chǎn)，賣方應(yīng)在該地點(diǎn)把貨物交給買方處置；
(c)在其他情況下，賣方應(yīng)在他于訂立合同時(shí)的營(yíng)業(yè)地把貨物交給買方處置。
第三十二條
(1)如果賣方按照合同或本公約的規(guī)定將貨物交付給承運(yùn)人，但貨物沒有以貨物上加標(biāo)記、或以裝運(yùn)單據(jù)或其他方式清楚地注明有關(guān)合同，賣方必須向買方發(fā)出列明貨物的發(fā)貨通知。
(2)如果賣方有義務(wù)安排貨物的運(yùn)輸，他必須訂立必要的合同，以按照通常運(yùn)輸條件，用適合情況的運(yùn)輸工具，把貨物運(yùn)到指定地點(diǎn)。
(3)如果賣方?jīng)]有義務(wù)對(duì)貨物的運(yùn)輸辦理保險(xiǎn)，他必須在買方提出要求時(shí)，向買方提供一切現(xiàn)有的必要資料，使他能夠辦理這種保險(xiǎn)。
第三十三條
賣方必須按以下規(guī)定的日期交付貨物：
(a)如果合同規(guī)定有日期，或從合同可以確定日期，應(yīng)在該日期交貨；
(b)如果合同規(guī)定有一段時(shí)間，或從合同可以確定一段時(shí)間，除非情況表明應(yīng)由買方選定一個(gè)日期外，應(yīng)在該段時(shí)間內(nèi)任何時(shí)候交貨；或者
(c)在其他情況下，應(yīng)在訂立合同后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)交貨。
第三十四條
如果賣方有義務(wù)移交與貨物有關(guān)的單據(jù)，他必須按照合同所規(guī)定的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和方式移交這些單據(jù)。如果賣方在那個(gè)時(shí)間以前已移交這些單據(jù)，他可以在那個(gè)時(shí)間到達(dá)前糾正單據(jù)中任何不符合同規(guī)定的情形，但是，此一權(quán)利的行使不得使買方遭受不合理的不便或承擔(dān)不合理的開支。但是，買方保留本公約所規(guī)定的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。
第二節(jié) 貨物相符與第三方要求
第三十五條
(1)賣方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符，并須按照合同所定的方式裝箱或包裝。
(2)除雙方當(dāng)事人業(yè)已另有協(xié)議外，貨物除非符合以下規(guī)定，否則即為與合同不符：
(a)貨物適用于同一規(guī)格貨物通常使用的目的；
(b)貨物適用于訂立合同時(shí)曾明示或默示地通知賣方的任何特定目的，除非情況表明買方并不依賴賣方的技能和判斷力，或者這種依賴對(duì)他是不合理的；
(c)貨物的質(zhì)量與賣方向買方提供的貨物樣品或樣式相同；
(d)貨物按照同類貨物通用的方式裝箱或包裝，如果沒有此種通用方式，則按照足以保全和保護(hù)貨物的方式裝箱包裝。
(3)如果買方在訂立合同時(shí)知道或者不可能不知道貨物不符合同，賣方就無須按上一款(a)項(xiàng)至(d)項(xiàng)負(fù)有此種不符合同的責(zé)任。
第三十六條
(1)賣方應(yīng)按照合同和本公約的規(guī)定，對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)到買方時(shí)所存在的任何不符合同情形，負(fù)有責(zé)任，即使這種不符合同情形在該時(shí)間后方始明顯。
(2)賣方對(duì)在上一款所述時(shí)間后發(fā)生的任何不符合同情形，也應(yīng)負(fù)有責(zé)任，如果這種不符合同情形是由于賣方違反他的某項(xiàng)義務(wù)所致，包括違反關(guān)于在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)貨物將繼續(xù)適用于其通常使用的目的或某種特定目的，或?qū)⒈３帜撤N特定質(zhì)量或性質(zhì)的任何保證。
第三十七條
如果賣方在交貨日期前交付貨物，他可以在那個(gè)日期到達(dá)前，交付任何缺漏部分或補(bǔ)足所交付貨物的不足數(shù)量，或交付用以替換所交付不符合同規(guī)定的貨物，或?qū)λ桓敦浳镏腥魏尾环贤?guī)定的情形做出補(bǔ)救，但是，此一權(quán)利的行使不得使買方遭受不合理的不便或承擔(dān)不合理的開支。但是，買方保留本公約所規(guī)定的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。
第三十八條
(1)買方必須在按情況實(shí)際可行的最短時(shí)間內(nèi)檢驗(yàn)貨物或由他人檢驗(yàn)貨物。
(2)如果合同涉及到貨物的運(yùn)輸，檢驗(yàn)可推遲到貨物到達(dá)目的地后進(jìn)行。
(3)如果貨物在運(yùn)輸途中改運(yùn)或買方須再發(fā)運(yùn)貨物，沒有合理機(jī)會(huì)加以檢驗(yàn)，而賣方在訂立合同時(shí)已知道或理應(yīng)知道這種改運(yùn)或再發(fā)運(yùn)的可能性，檢驗(yàn)可推遲到貨物到達(dá)新目的地后進(jìn)行。
第三十九條
(1)買方對(duì)貨物不符合同，必須在發(fā)現(xiàn)或理應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)不符情形后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)通知賣方，說明不符合同情形的性質(zhì)，否則就喪失聲稱貨物不符合同的權(quán)利。
(2)無論如何，如果買方不在實(shí)際收到貨物之日起兩年內(nèi)將貨物不符合同情形通知賣方，他就喪失聲稱貨物不符合同的權(quán)利，除非這一時(shí)限與合同規(guī)定的保證期限不符。
第四十條
如果貨物不符合同規(guī)定指的是賣方已知道或不可能不知道而又沒有告知買方的一些事實(shí)，則賣方無權(quán)援引第三十八條和第三十九條的規(guī)定。
第四十一條
賣方所交付的貨物，必須是第三方不能提出任何權(quán)利或要求的貨物，除非買方同意在這種權(quán)利或要求的條件下，收取貨物。但是，如果這種權(quán)利或要求是以工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)的，賣方的義務(wù)應(yīng)依照第四十二條的規(guī)定。
第四十二條
(1)賣方所交付的貨物，必須是第三方不能根據(jù)工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)主張任何權(quán)利或要求的貨物，但以賣方在訂立合同時(shí)已知道或不可能不知道的權(quán)利或要求為限，而且這種權(quán)利或要求根據(jù)以下國(guó)家的法律規(guī)定是以工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為基礎(chǔ)的：
(a)如果雙方當(dāng)事人在訂立合同時(shí)預(yù)期貨物將在某一國(guó)境內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)售或做其他使用，則根據(jù)貨物將在其境內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)售或做其他使用的國(guó)家的法律；或者
(b)在任何其他情況下，根據(jù)買方營(yíng)業(yè)地所在國(guó)家的法律。
(2)賣方在上一款中的義務(wù)不適用于以下情況：
(a)買方在訂立合同時(shí)已知道或不可能不知道此項(xiàng)權(quán)利或要求；或者
(b)此項(xiàng)權(quán)利或要求的發(fā)生，是由于賣方要遵照買方所提供的技術(shù)圖樣、圖案、款式或其他規(guī)格。
第四十三條
(1)買方如果不在已知道或理應(yīng)知道第三方的權(quán)利或要求后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)，將此一權(quán)利或要求的性質(zhì)通知賣方，就喪失援引第四十一條或第四十二條規(guī)定的權(quán)利。
(2)賣方如果知道第三方的權(quán)利或要求以及此一權(quán)利或要求的性質(zhì)，就無權(quán)援引上一款的規(guī)定。
第四十四條
盡管有第三十九條第(1)款和第四十三條第(1)款的規(guī)定，買方如果對(duì)他未發(fā)出所需的通知具備合理的理由，仍可按照第五十條規(guī)定減低價(jià)格，或要求利潤(rùn)損失以外的損害賠償。
第三節(jié) 賣方違反合同的補(bǔ)救辦法
第四十五條
(1)如果賣方不履行他在合同和本公約中的任何義務(wù)，買方可以：
(a)行使第四十六條至第五十二條所規(guī)定的權(quán)利；
(b)按照第七十四條至第七十七條的規(guī)定，要求損害賠償。
(2)買方可能享有的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利，不因他行使采取其他補(bǔ)救辦法的權(quán)利而喪失。
(3)如果買方對(duì)違反合同采取某種補(bǔ)救辦法，法院或仲裁庭不得給予賣方寬限期。
第四十六條 （賣方交貨不符，構(gòu)成根本違約，買方可要求交付替代物）
(1)買方可以要求賣方履行義務(wù)，除非買方已采取與此一要求相抵觸的某種補(bǔ)救辦法。
(2)如果貨物不符合同，買方只有在此種不符合同情形構(gòu)成根本違反合同時(shí)，才可以要求交付替代貨物，而且關(guān)于替代貨物的要求，必須與依照第三十九條發(fā)出的通知同時(shí)提出，或者在該項(xiàng)通知發(fā)出后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)提出。
(3)如果貨物不符合同，買方可以要求賣方通過修理對(duì)不符合同之處做出補(bǔ)救，除非他考慮了所有情況之后，認(rèn)為這樣做是不合理的。修理的要求必須與依照第三十九條發(fā)出的通知同時(shí)提出，或者在該項(xiàng)通知發(fā)出后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)提出。
第四十七條
(1)買方可以規(guī)定一段合理時(shí)限的額外時(shí)間，讓賣方履行其義務(wù)。
(2)除非買方收到賣方的通知，聲稱他將不在所規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)履行義務(wù)，買方在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)不得對(duì)違反合同采取任何補(bǔ)救辦法。但是，買方并不因此喪失他對(duì)遲延履行義務(wù)可能有的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。
第四十八條 （賣方對(duì)不符貨物的不救which沒有造成買房的不合理不便）
(1)在第四十九條的條件下，賣方即使在交貨日期之后，仍可自付費(fèi)用，對(duì)任何不履行義務(wù)做出補(bǔ)救，但這種補(bǔ)救不得造成不合理的遲延，也不得使買方遭受不合理的不便，或無法確定賣方是否將償付買方預(yù)付的費(fèi)用。但是，買方保留本公約所規(guī)定的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。
(2)如果賣方要求買方表明他是否接受賣方履行義務(wù)，而買方不在一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)此一要求做出答復(fù)，則賣方可以按其要求中所指明的時(shí)間履行義務(wù)。買方不得在該段時(shí)間內(nèi)采取與賣方履行義務(wù)相抵觸的任何補(bǔ)救辦法。
(3)賣方表明他將在某一特定時(shí)間內(nèi)履行義務(wù)的通知，應(yīng)視為包括根據(jù)上一款規(guī)定要買方表明決定的要求在內(nèi)。
(4)賣方按照本條第(2)和第(3)款做出的要求或通知，必須在買方收到后，始生效力。
第四十九條 （賣方不履行合同或本公約規(guī)定的任何義務(wù)構(gòu)成根本違約，買方可宣布合同無效）
(1)買方在以下情況下可以宣告合同無效：
(a)賣方不履行其在合同或本公約中的任何義務(wù)，等于根本違反合同；或
(b)如果發(fā)生不交貨的情況，賣方不在買方按照第四十七條第(1)款規(guī)定的額外時(shí)間內(nèi)交付貨物，或賣方聲明他將不在所規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)交付貨物。
(2)但是，如果賣方已交付貨物，買方就喪失宣告合同無效的權(quán)利，除非：
(a)對(duì)于遲延交貨，他在知道交貨后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做；
(b)對(duì)于遲延交貨以外的任何違反合同事情：
�、偎谝阎阑蚶響�(yīng)知道這種違反合同后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做；或
�、谒谫I方按照第四十七條第(1)款規(guī)定的任何額外時(shí)間滿期后，或在賣方聲明他將不在這一額外時(shí)間履行義務(wù)后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做；或
�、鬯谫u方按照第四十八條第(2)款指明的任何額外時(shí)間滿期后，或在買方聲明他將不接受賣方履行義務(wù)后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做。
第五十條
如果貨物不符合同，不論價(jià)款是否已付，買方都可以減低價(jià)格，減價(jià)按實(shí)際交付的貨物在交貨時(shí)的價(jià)值與符合合同的貨物在當(dāng)時(shí)的價(jià)值兩者之間的比例計(jì)算。但是，如果賣方按照第三十七條或第四十八條的規(guī)定對(duì)任何不履行義務(wù)做出補(bǔ)救，或者買方拒絕接受賣方按照該兩條規(guī)定履行義務(wù)，則買方不得減低價(jià)格。
第五十一條
(1)如果賣方只交付一部分貨物，或者交付的貨物中只有一部分符合合同規(guī)定，第四十六條至第五十條的規(guī)定適用于缺漏部分及不符合同規(guī)定部分的貨物。
(2)買方只有在完全不交付貨物或不按照合同規(guī)定交付貨物等于根本違反合同時(shí)，才可以宣告整個(gè)合同無效。
第五十二條
(1)如果賣方在規(guī)定的日期前交付貨物，買方可以收取貨物，也可以拒絕收取貨物。
(2)如果賣方交付的貨物數(shù)量大于合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量，買方可以收取也可以拒絕收取多交部分的貨物。如果買方收取多交部分貨物的全部或一部分，他必須按合同價(jià)格付款。
第三章 買方的義務(wù)
第一節(jié) 支付價(jià)款
第五十三條
買方必須按照合同和本公約規(guī)定支付貨物價(jià)款和收取貨物。
第五十四條
買方支付價(jià)款的義務(wù)包括根據(jù)合同或任何有關(guān)法律和規(guī)章規(guī)定的步驟和手續(xù)，以便支付價(jià)款。
第五十五條
如果合同已有效地訂立，但沒有明示或暗示地規(guī)定價(jià)格或規(guī)定如何確定價(jià)格，在沒有任何相反表示的情況下，雙方當(dāng)事人應(yīng)視為已默示地引用訂立合同時(shí)此種貨物在有關(guān)貿(mào)易的類似情況下銷售的通常價(jià)格。
第五十六條
如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問，應(yīng)按凈重確定。
第五十七條
(1)如果買方?jīng)]有義務(wù)在任何其他特定地點(diǎn)支付價(jià)款，他必須在以下地點(diǎn)向賣方支付價(jià)款：
(a)賣方的營(yíng)業(yè)地；或者
(b)如憑移交貨物或單據(jù)支付價(jià)款，則為移交貨物或單據(jù)的地點(diǎn)。
(2)賣方必須承擔(dān)因其營(yíng)業(yè)地在訂立合同后發(fā)生變動(dòng)而增加的支付方面的有關(guān)費(fèi)用。
第五十八條
(1)如果買方?jīng)]有義務(wù)在任何其他特定時(shí)間內(nèi)支付價(jià)款，他必須于賣方按照合同和本公約規(guī)定將貨物或控制貨物處置權(quán)的單據(jù)交給買方處置時(shí)支付價(jià)款。賣方可以支付價(jià)款作為移交貨物或單據(jù)的條件。
(2)如果合同涉及到貨物的運(yùn)輸，賣方可以在支付價(jià)款后方可把貨物或控制貨物處置權(quán)的單據(jù)移交給買方作為發(fā)運(yùn)貨物的條件。
(3)買方在未有機(jī)會(huì)檢驗(yàn)貨物前，無義務(wù)支付價(jià)款，除非這種機(jī)會(huì)與雙方當(dāng)事人議定的交貨或支付程序相抵觸。
第五十九條
買方必須按合同和本公約規(guī)定的日期或從合同和本公約可以確定的日期支付價(jià)款，而無需賣方提出任何要求或辦理任何手續(xù)。
第二節(jié) 收取貨物
第六十條
買方收取貨物的義務(wù)如下：
(a)采取一切理應(yīng)采取的行動(dòng)，以期賣方能交付貨物；和
(b)接收貨物。
第三節(jié) 買方違反合同的補(bǔ)救辦法
第六十一條
(1)如果買方不履行他在合同和本公約中的任何義務(wù)，賣方可以：
(a)行使第六十二條至第六十五條所規(guī)定的權(quán)利；
(b)按照第七十四條至第七十七條的規(guī)定，要求損害賠償。
(2)賣方可能享有的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利，不因他行使采取其他補(bǔ)救辦法的權(quán)利而喪失。
(3)如果賣方對(duì)違反合同采取某種補(bǔ)救辦法，法院或仲裁庭不得給予買方寬限期。
第六十二條
賣方可以要求買方支付價(jià)款、收取貨物或履行他的其他義務(wù)，除非賣方已采取與此一要求相抵觸的某種補(bǔ)救辦法。
第六十三條
(1)賣方可以規(guī)定一段合理時(shí)限的額外時(shí)間，讓買方履行義務(wù)。
(2)除非賣方收到買方的通知，聲稱他將不在所規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)履行義務(wù)，賣方不得在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)違反合同采取任何補(bǔ)救辦法。但是，賣方并不因此喪失他對(duì)遲延履行義務(wù)可能享有的要求損害賠償?shù)娜魏螜?quán)利。
第六十四條 （買方根本違約，賣方可以宣布合同無效）
(1)賣方在以下情況下可以宣告合同無效：
(a)買方不履行其在合同或本公約中的任何義務(wù)，等于根本違反合同；或
(b)買方不在賣方按照第六十三條第(1)款規(guī)定的額外時(shí)間內(nèi)履行支付價(jià)款的義務(wù)或收取貨物，或買方聲明他將不在所規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做。
(2)但是，如果買方已支付價(jià)款，賣方就喪失宣告合同無效的權(quán)利，除非：
(a)對(duì)于買方遲延履行義務(wù)，他在知道買方履行義務(wù)前這樣做；或者
(b)對(duì)于買方遲延履行義務(wù)以外的任何違反合同事情：
�、偎谝阎阑蚶響�(yīng)知道這種違反合同后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做；或
②他在賣方按照第六十三條第(1)款規(guī)定的任何額外時(shí)間滿期后或在買方聲明他將不在這一額外時(shí)間內(nèi)履行義務(wù)后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做。
第六十五條
(1)如果買方應(yīng)根據(jù)合同規(guī)定訂明貨物的形狀、大小或其他特征，而他在議定的日期或在收到賣方的要求后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)沒有訂明這些規(guī)格，則賣方在不損害其可能享有的任何其他權(quán)利的情況下，可以依照他所知的買方的要求，自己訂明規(guī)格。
(2)如果賣方自己訂明規(guī)格，他必須把訂明規(guī)格的細(xì)節(jié)通知買方，而且必須規(guī)定一段合理時(shí)間，讓買方可以在該段時(shí)間內(nèi)訂出不同的規(guī)格，如果買方在收到這種通知后沒有在該段時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做，賣方所訂的規(guī)格就具有約束力。
第四章 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)
第六十六條 （風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的含義、后果）
貨物在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)到買方承擔(dān)后遺失或損壞，買方支付價(jià)款的義務(wù)并不因此解除，除非這種遺失或損壞是由于賣方的行為或不行為所造成。
第六十七條 （貨物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的時(shí)間）
(1)如果銷售合同涉及到貨物的運(yùn)輸，但賣方?jīng)]有義務(wù)在某一特定地點(diǎn)交付貨物，自貨物按照銷售合同交付給第一承運(yùn)人以轉(zhuǎn)交給買方時(shí)起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就移轉(zhuǎn)到買方承擔(dān)。如果賣方有義務(wù)在某一特定地點(diǎn)把貨物交付給承運(yùn)人，在貨物于該地點(diǎn)交付給承運(yùn)人以前，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不移轉(zhuǎn)到買方承擔(dān)。賣方受權(quán)保留控制貨物處置權(quán)的單據(jù)，并不影響風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的移轉(zhuǎn)。
(2)但是，在貨物以貨物上加標(biāo)記，或以裝運(yùn)單據(jù)，或向買方發(fā)出通知或其他方式清楚地注明有關(guān)合同以前，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不移轉(zhuǎn)到買方承擔(dān)。
第六十八條 （運(yùn)輸途中出售貨物的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移）
對(duì)于在運(yùn)輸途中銷售的貨物，從訂立合同時(shí)起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就移轉(zhuǎn)到買方承擔(dān)。但是，如果情況表明有此需要，從貨物交付給簽發(fā)載有運(yùn)輸合同單據(jù)的承運(yùn)人時(shí)起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就由買方承擔(dān)。盡管如此，如果賣方在訂立合同時(shí)已知道或理應(yīng)知道貨物已經(jīng)遺失或損壞，而他又不將這一事實(shí)告知買方，則這種遺失或損壞應(yīng)由賣方負(fù)責(zé)。
第六十九條 （不涉及運(yùn)輸貨物和目的地交貨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移）
(1)在不屬于第六十七條和第六十八條規(guī)定的情況下，從買方接收貨物時(shí)起，或如果買方不在適當(dāng)時(shí)間內(nèi)這樣做，則從貨物交給他處置但他不收取貨物從而違反合同時(shí)起，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)到買方承擔(dān)。
(2)但是，如果買方有義務(wù)在賣方營(yíng)業(yè)地以外的某一地點(diǎn)接收貨物，當(dāng)交貨時(shí)間已到而買方知道貨物已在該地點(diǎn)交給他處置時(shí)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方始移轉(zhuǎn)。
(3)如果合同指的是當(dāng)時(shí)未加識(shí)別的貨物，則這些貨物在未清楚注明有關(guān)合同以前，不得視為已交給買方處置。
第七十條 （賣方根本違約對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的影響）
如果賣方已根本違反合同，第六十七條、第六十八條和第六十九條的規(guī)定，不損害買方因此種違反合同而可以采取的各種補(bǔ)救辦法。
第五章 賣方和買方義務(wù)的一般規(guī)定
第一節(jié) 預(yù)期違反合同和分批交貨合同
第七十一條
(1)如果訂立合同后，另一方當(dāng)事人由于下列原因顯然將不履行其大部分得要義務(wù)，一方當(dāng)事人可以中止履行義務(wù)：
(a)他履行義務(wù)的能力或他的信用有嚴(yán)重缺陷；或
(b)他在準(zhǔn)備履行合同或履行合同中的行為。
(2)如果賣方在上一款所述的理由明顯化以前已將貨物發(fā)運(yùn)，他可以阻止將貨物交付給買方，即使買方持有其有權(quán)獲得貨物的單據(jù)。本款規(guī)定只與買方和賣方間對(duì)貨物的權(quán)利有關(guān)。
(3)中止履行義務(wù)的一方當(dāng)事人不論是在貨物發(fā)運(yùn)前還是發(fā)運(yùn)后，都必須立即通知另一方當(dāng)事人，如經(jīng)另一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)履行義務(wù)提供充分保證，則他必須繼續(xù)履行義務(wù)。
第七十二條 （先期違約構(gòu)成的根本違約，另一方當(dāng)事人可宣告合同無效）
(1)如果在履行合同日期之前，明顯看出一方當(dāng)事人將根本違反合同，另一方當(dāng)事人可以宣告合同無效。
(2)如果時(shí)間許可，打算宣告合同無效的一方當(dāng)事人必須向另一方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出合理的通知，使他可以對(duì)履行義務(wù)提供充分保證。
(3)如果另一方當(dāng)事人已聲明將不履行其義務(wù)，則上一款的規(guī)定不適用。
第七十三條
(1)對(duì)于分批交付貨物的合同，如果一方當(dāng)事人不履行對(duì)任何一批貨物的義務(wù)，便對(duì)該批貨物構(gòu)成根本違反合同，則另一方當(dāng)事人可以宣告合同對(duì)該批貨物無效。
(2)如果一方當(dāng)事人不履行對(duì)任何一批貨物的義務(wù)，使另一方當(dāng)事人有充分理由斷定對(duì)今后各批貨物將會(huì)發(fā)生根本違反合同，該另一方當(dāng)事人可以在一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)宣告合同今后無效。
(3)買方宣告合同對(duì)任何一批貨物的交付為無效時(shí)，可以同時(shí)宣告合同對(duì)已交付的或今后交付的各批貨物均為無效，如果各批貨物是互相依存的，不能單獨(dú)用于雙方當(dāng)事人在訂立合同時(shí)所設(shè)想的目的。
第二節(jié) 損害賠償
第七十四條
一方當(dāng)事人違反合同應(yīng)負(fù)的損害賠償額，應(yīng)與另一方當(dāng)事人因他違反合同而遭受的包括利潤(rùn)在內(nèi)的損失額相等。這種損害賠償不得超過違反合同一方在訂立合同時(shí)，依照他當(dāng)時(shí)已知道或理應(yīng)知道的事實(shí)和情況，對(duì)違反合同預(yù)見到或理應(yīng)預(yù)見到的可能損失。 （此預(yù)見是限制違約方補(bǔ)償范圍，排除對(duì)無關(guān)損害后果的責(zé)任）
第七十五條
如果合同被宣告無效，而在宣告無效后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)，買方已以合理方式購(gòu)買替代貨物，或者賣方已以合理方式把貨物轉(zhuǎn)賣，則要求損害賠償?shù)囊环娇梢匀〉煤贤瑑r(jià)格和替代貨物交易價(jià)格之間的差額以及按照第七十四條規(guī)定可以取得的任何其他損害賠償。
第七十六條
(1)如果合同被宣告無效，而貨物又有時(shí)價(jià)，要求損害賠償?shù)囊环�，如果沒有根據(jù)第七十五條規(guī)定進(jìn)行購(gòu)買或轉(zhuǎn)賣，則可以取得合同規(guī)定的價(jià)格和宣告合同無效時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)之間的差額以及按照第七十四條規(guī)定可以取得的任何其他損害賠償。但是，如果要求損害賠償?shù)囊环皆诮邮肇浳镏笮婧贤瑹o效，則應(yīng)適用接收貨物時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)，而不適用宣告合同無效時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)。
(2)為上一款的目的，時(shí)價(jià)指原應(yīng)交付貨物地點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)行價(jià)格，如果該地點(diǎn)，沒有時(shí)價(jià)，則指另一合理替代地點(diǎn)的價(jià)格。但應(yīng)適當(dāng)?shù)乜紤]貨物運(yùn)費(fèi)的差額。
第七十七條
聲稱另一方違反合同的一方，必須按情況采取合理措施，減輕由于該另一方違反合同而引起的損失，包括利潤(rùn)方面的損失。如果他不采取這種措施，違反合同一方可以要求從損害賠償中扣除原可以減輕的損失數(shù)額。
第三節(jié) 利 息
第七十八條
如果一方當(dāng)事人沒有支付價(jià)款或任何其他拖欠金額，另一方當(dāng)事人有權(quán)對(duì)這些款額收取利息，但不妨礙要求按照第七十四條規(guī)定可以取得的損害賠償。
第四節(jié) 免 責(zé)
第七十九條
(1)當(dāng)事人對(duì)不履行義務(wù)，不負(fù)責(zé)任，如果他能證明此種不履行義務(wù)，是由于某種非他所能控制的障礙，而且對(duì)于這種障礙，沒有理由預(yù)期他在訂立合同時(shí)能考慮到或能避免或克服它或它的后果。
(2)如果當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)是由于他所雇傭履行合同的全部或一部分規(guī)定的第三方不履行義務(wù)所致，該當(dāng)事人只有在以下情況下才能免除責(zé)任：
(a)他按照上一款的規(guī)定應(yīng)免除責(zé)任；和
(b)假如該款的規(guī)定也適用于他所雇傭的人，這個(gè)人也同樣會(huì)免除責(zé)任。
(3)本條所規(guī)定的免責(zé)對(duì)障礙存在的期間有效。
(4)不履行義務(wù)的一方必須將障礙及其對(duì)他履行義務(wù)能力的影響通知另一方。如果該項(xiàng)通知在不履行義務(wù)的一方已知道或理應(yīng)知道此一障礙后一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)仍未為另一方收到，則他對(duì)由于另一方未收到通知而造成的損害應(yīng)負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。
(5)本條規(guī)定不妨礙任何一方行使本公約規(guī)定的要求損害賠償以外的任何權(quán)利。
第八十條
一方當(dāng)事人因其行為或不行為而使得另一方當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)時(shí)，不得聲稱該另一方當(dāng)事人不履行義務(wù)。
第五節(jié) 宣告合同無效的效果
第八十一條
(1)宣告合同無效解除了雙方在合同中的義務(wù)，但應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)的任何損害賠償仍應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)。宣告合同無效不影響合同中關(guān)于解決爭(zhēng)端的任何規(guī)定，也不影響合同中關(guān)于雙方在宣告合同無效后權(quán)利和義務(wù)的任何其他規(guī)定。
(2)已全部或局部履行合同的一方，可以要求另一方歸還他按照合同供應(yīng)的貨物或支付的價(jià)款。如果雙方都須歸還，他們必須同時(shí)這樣做。
第八十二條
(1)買方如果不可能按實(shí)際收到貨物的原狀歸還貨物，他就喪失宣告合同無效或要求賣方交付替代貨物的權(quán)利。
(2)上一款的規(guī)定不適用于以下情況：
(a)如果不可能歸還貨物或不可能按實(shí)際收到貨物的原狀歸還貨物，并非由于買方的行為或不行為所造成；或者
(b)如果貨物或其中一部分的毀滅或變壞，是由于按照第三十八條規(guī)定進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)所致；或者
(c)如果貨物或其中一部分，在買方發(fā)現(xiàn)或理應(yīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)與合同不符以前，已為買方在正常營(yíng)業(yè)過程中售出，或在正常使用過程中消費(fèi)或改變。
第八十三條
買方雖然依第八十二條規(guī)定喪失宣告合同無效或要求賣方交付替代貨物的權(quán)利，但是根據(jù)合同和本公約規(guī)定，他仍保有采取一切其他補(bǔ)救辦法的權(quán)利。
第八十四條
(1)如果賣方有義務(wù)歸還價(jià)款，他必須同時(shí)從支付價(jià)款之日起支付價(jià)款利息。
(2)在以下情況下，買方必須向賣方說明他從貨物或其中一部分得到的一切利益：
(a)如果他必須歸還貨物或其中一部分；或者
(b)如果他不可能歸還全部或一部分貨物，或不可能按實(shí)際收到貨物的原狀歸還全部或一部分貨物，但他已宣告合同無效或已要求賣方交付替代貨物。
第六節(jié) 保全貨物
第八十五條
如果買方推遲收取貨物，或在支付價(jià)款和交付貨物應(yīng)同時(shí)履行時(shí)，買方?jīng)]有支付價(jià)款，而賣方仍擁有這些貨物或仍能控制這些貨物的處置權(quán)，賣方必須按情況采取合理措施，以保全貨物。他有權(quán)保有這些貨物，直至買方把他所付的合理費(fèi)用償還給他為止。
第八十六條
(1)如果買方已收到貨物，但打算行使合同或本公約規(guī)定的任何權(quán)利，把貨物退回，他必須按情況采取合理措施，以保全貨物。他有權(quán)保有這些貨物，直至賣方把他所付的合理費(fèi)用償還給他為止。
(2)如果發(fā)運(yùn)給買方的貨物已到達(dá)目的地，并交給買方處置，而買方行使退貨權(quán)利，則買方必須代表賣方收取貨物，除非他這樣做需要支付價(jià)款而且會(huì)使他遭受不合理的不便或需承擔(dān)不合理的費(fèi)用。如果賣方或受權(quán)代表他掌管貨物的人也在目的地，則此一規(guī)定不適用。如果買方根據(jù)本款規(guī)定收取貨物，他的權(quán)利和義務(wù)與上一款所規(guī)定的相同。
第八十七條
有義務(wù)采取措施以保全貨物的一方當(dāng)事入，可以把貨物寄放在第三方的倉(cāng)庫(kù)，由另一方當(dāng)事人擔(dān)負(fù)費(fèi)用，但該項(xiàng)費(fèi)用必須合理。
第八十八條
(1)如果另一方當(dāng)事人在收取貨物或收回貨物或支付價(jià)款或保全貨物費(fèi)用方面有不合理的遲延，按照第八十五條或第八十六條規(guī)定有義務(wù)保全貨物的一方當(dāng)事人，可以采取任何適當(dāng)辦法，把貨物出售，但必須事前向另一方當(dāng)事人發(fā)出合理的意向通知。
(2)如果貨物易于迅速變壞，或者貨物的保全牽涉到不合理的費(fèi)用，則按照第八十五條或第八十六條規(guī)定有義務(wù)保全貨物的一方當(dāng)事人，必須采取合理措施，把貨物出售。在可能的范圍內(nèi)，他必須把出售貨物的打算通知另一方當(dāng)事人。
(3)出售貨物的一方當(dāng)事人，有權(quán)從銷售所得收入中扣回為保全貨物和銷售貨物而付的合理費(fèi)用。他必須向另一方當(dāng)事人說明所余款項(xiàng)。
第四部分 最后條款
第八十九條
茲指定聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)為本公約保管人。
第九十條
本公約不優(yōu)于業(yè)已締結(jié)或可能締結(jié)并載有與屬于本公約范圍內(nèi)事項(xiàng)有關(guān)的條款的任何國(guó)際協(xié)定，但以雙方當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地均在這種協(xié)定的締約國(guó)內(nèi)為限。
第九十一條
(1)本公約在聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷售合同會(huì)議閉幕會(huì)議上開放簽字，并在紐約聯(lián)合國(guó)總部繼續(xù)開放簽字，直至1981年9月30日為止。
(2)本公約須經(jīng)簽字國(guó)批準(zhǔn)、接受或核準(zhǔn)。
(3)本公約從開放簽字之日起開放給所有非簽字國(guó)加入。
(4)批準(zhǔn)書、接受書、核準(zhǔn)書和加入書應(yīng)送交聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)存放。
第九十二條
(1)締約國(guó)可在簽字、批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入時(shí)聲明它不受本公約第二部分的約束或不受本公約第三部分的約束。
(2)按照上一款規(guī)定就本公約第二部分或第三部分做出聲明的締約國(guó)，在該聲明適用的部分所規(guī)定事項(xiàng)上，不得視為本公約第一條第(1)款范圍內(nèi)的締約國(guó)。
第九十三條
(1)如果締約國(guó)具有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的領(lǐng)土單位，而依照該國(guó)憲法規(guī)定，各領(lǐng)土單位對(duì)本公約所規(guī)定的事項(xiàng)適用不同的法律制度，則該國(guó)得在簽字、批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入時(shí)聲明本公約適用于該國(guó)全部領(lǐng)土單位或僅適用于其中的一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)領(lǐng)土單位，并且可以隨時(shí)提出另一聲明來修改其所做的聲明。
(2)此種聲明應(yīng)通知保管人，并且明確地說明適用本公約的領(lǐng)土單位。
(3)如果根據(jù)按本條做出的聲明，本公約適用于締約國(guó)的一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)但不是全部領(lǐng)土單位，而且一方當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地位于該締約國(guó)內(nèi)，則為本公約的目的，該營(yíng)業(yè)地除非位于本公約適用的領(lǐng)土單位內(nèi)，否則視為不在締約國(guó)內(nèi)。
(4)如果締約國(guó)沒有按照本條第(1)款做出聲明，則本公約適用于該國(guó)所有領(lǐng)土單位。
第九十四條
(1)對(duì)屬于本公約范圍的事項(xiàng)具有相同或非常近似的法律規(guī)則的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的締約國(guó)，可隨時(shí)聲明本公約不適用于營(yíng)業(yè)地在這些締約國(guó)內(nèi)的當(dāng)事人之間的銷售合同，也不適用于這些合同的訂立。此種聲明可聯(lián)合做出，也可以相互單方面聲明的方式做出。
(2)對(duì)屬于本公約范圍的事項(xiàng)具有與一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上非締約國(guó)相同或非常近似的法律規(guī)則的締約國(guó)，可隨時(shí)聲明本公約不適用于營(yíng)業(yè)地在這些非締約國(guó)內(nèi)的當(dāng)事人之間的銷售合同，也不適用于這些合同的訂立。
(3)作為根據(jù)上一款所做聲明對(duì)象的國(guó)家如果后來成為締約國(guó)，這項(xiàng)聲明從本公約對(duì)該新締約國(guó)生效之日起，具有根據(jù)第(1)款所做聲明的效力，但以該新締約國(guó)加入這項(xiàng)聲明，或做出相互單方面聲明為限。
第九十五條
任何國(guó)家在交存其批準(zhǔn)書、接受書、核準(zhǔn)書或加入書時(shí)，可聲明它不受本公約第一條第(1)款(b)項(xiàng)的約束。
第九十六條
本國(guó)法律規(guī)定銷售合同必須以書面訂立或書面證明的締約國(guó)，可以隨時(shí)按照第十二條的規(guī)定，聲明本公約第十一條、第二十九條或第二部分準(zhǔn)許銷售合同或其更改或根據(jù)協(xié)議終止，或者任何發(fā)價(jià)、接受或其他意旨表示得以書面以外任何形式做出的任何規(guī)定不適用，如果任何一方當(dāng)事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地是在該締約國(guó)內(nèi)。
第九十七條
(1)根據(jù)本公約規(guī)定在簽字時(shí)做出的聲明，須在批準(zhǔn)、接受或核準(zhǔn)時(shí)加以確認(rèn)。
(2)聲明和聲明的確認(rèn)，應(yīng)以書面提出，并應(yīng)正式通知保管人。
(3)聲明在本公約對(duì)有關(guān)國(guó)家開始生效時(shí)同時(shí)生效。但是，保管人于此種生效后收到正式通知的聲明，應(yīng)于保管人收到聲明之日起六個(gè)月后的第一個(gè)月第一天生效。根據(jù)第九十四條規(guī)定做出的相互單方面聲明，應(yīng)于保管人收到最后一份聲明之日起六個(gè)月后的第一個(gè)月第一天生效。
(4)根據(jù)本公約規(guī)定做出聲明的任何國(guó)家可以隨時(shí)用書面正式通知保管人撤回該項(xiàng)聲明。此種撤回于保管人收到通知之日起六個(gè)月后的第一個(gè)月第一天生效。
(5)撤回根據(jù)第九十四條做出的聲明，自撤回生效之日起，就會(huì)使另一個(gè)國(guó)家根據(jù)該條所做的任何相互聲明失效。
第九十八條
除本公約明文許可的保留外，不得作任何保留。
第九十九條
(1)在本條第(6)款規(guī)定的條件下，本公約在第十件批準(zhǔn)書、接受書、核準(zhǔn)書或加入書、包括載有根據(jù)第九十二條規(guī)定做出的聲明的文書交存之日起12個(gè)月后第一個(gè)月的第一天生效。
(2)在本條第(6)款規(guī)定的條件下，對(duì)于在第十件批準(zhǔn)書、接受書、核準(zhǔn)書或加入書交存后才批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入本公約的國(guó)家，本公約在該國(guó)交存其批準(zhǔn)書、接受書、核準(zhǔn)書或加入本公約的國(guó)家，本公約在該國(guó)交存其批準(zhǔn)書、接受書、核準(zhǔn)書或加入書之日起12個(gè)月后的第一個(gè)月第一天對(duì)該國(guó)生效，但不適用的部分除外。
(3)批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入本公約的國(guó)家，如果是1964年7月1日在海牙簽訂的《關(guān)于國(guó)際貨物銷售合同的訂立統(tǒng)一法公約》(《1964年海牙訂立合同公約》)和1964年7月1日在海牙簽訂的《關(guān)于國(guó)際貨物銷售統(tǒng)一法的公約》(《1964年海牙貨物銷售公約》)中一項(xiàng)或兩項(xiàng)公約的締約國(guó)，應(yīng)按情況同時(shí)通知荷蘭政府聲明退出《1964年海牙貨物銷售公約》或《1964年海牙訂立合同公約》或退出該兩公約。
(4)凡為《1964年海牙貨物銷售公約》締約國(guó)并批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入本公約和根據(jù)第九十二條規(guī)定聲明或業(yè)已聲明不受本公約第二部分約束的國(guó)家，應(yīng)于批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入時(shí)通知荷蘭政府聲明退出《1964年海牙貨物銷售公約》。
(5)凡為《1964年海牙訂立合同公約》締約國(guó)并批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入本公約和根據(jù)第九十二條規(guī)定聲明或業(yè)已聲明不受本公約第三部分約束的國(guó)家，應(yīng)于批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入時(shí)通知荷蘭政府聲明退出《1964年海牙訂立合同公約》。
(6)為本條的目的，《1964年海牙訂立合同公約》或《1964年海牙貨物銷售公約》的締約國(guó)的批準(zhǔn)、接受、核準(zhǔn)或加入本公約，應(yīng)在這些國(guó)家按照規(guī)定退出該兩公約生效后方始生效。本公約保管人應(yīng)與1964年兩公約的保管人荷蘭政府進(jìn)行協(xié)商，以確保在這方面進(jìn)行必要的協(xié)調(diào)。
第一百條
(1)本公約適用于合同的訂立，只要訂立該合同的建議是在本公約對(duì)第一條第(1)款(a)項(xiàng)所指締約國(guó)或第一條第(1)款(b)項(xiàng)所指締約國(guó)生效之日或其后作出的。
(2)本公約只適用于在它對(duì)第一條第(1)款(a)項(xiàng)所指締約國(guó)或第一條第 (1)款(b)項(xiàng)所指締約國(guó)生效之日或其后訂立的合同。
第一百零一條
(1)締約國(guó)可以用書面正式通知保管人聲明退出本公約，或本公約第二部分或第三部分。
(2)退出于保管人收到通知十二個(gè)月后的第一個(gè)月第一天起生效。凡通知內(nèi)訂明一段退出生效的更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，則退出于保管人收到通知后該段更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間期滿時(shí)起生效。
1984年4月11日訂于維也納，正本一份，其阿拉伯文本、中文本、英文本、法文本、俄文本和西班牙文本都具有同等效力。
下列全權(quán)代表，經(jīng)各自政府正式授權(quán)，在本公約上簽字，以資證明。
United Nations Convention on Contracts
for the International Sale of Goods
(1980) [CISG]
【Promulgation Date】1980.04.11
【Effective Date】1988.01.01
【Text】
THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS CONVENTION,
BEARING IN MIND the broad objectives in the resolutions adopted by the sixth special session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the establishment of a New International Economic Order,
CONSIDERING that the development of international trade on the basis of equality and mutual benefit is an important element in promoting friendly relations among States,
BEING OF THE OPINION that the adoption of uniform rules which govern contracts for the international sale of goods and take into account the different social, economic and legal systems would contribute to the removal of legal barriers in international trade and promote the development of international trade,
HAVE DECREED as follows:
PART I
SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS
Chapter I
SPHERE OF APPLICATION
Article 1
(1) This Convention applies to contracts of sale of goods between parties whose places of business are in different States:
(a) when the States are Contracting States; or
(b) when the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.
(2) The fact that the parties have their places of business in different States is to be disregarded whenever this fact does not appear either from the contract or from any dealings between, or from information disclosed by, the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract.
(3) Neither the nationality of the parties nor the civil or commercial character of the parties or of the contract is to be taken into consideration in determining the application of this Convention.
Article 2
This Convention does not apply to sales:
(a) of goods bought for personal, family or household use, unless the seller, at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract, neither knew nor ought to have known that the goods were bought for any such use;
(b) by auction;
(c) on execution or otherwise by authority of law;
(d) of stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money;
(e) of ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft;
(f) of electricity.
Article 3
(1) Contracts for the supply of goods to be manufactured or produced are to be considered sales unless the party who orders the goods undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials necessary for such manufacture or production.
(2) This Convention does not apply to contracts in which the preponderant part of the obligations of the party who furnishes the goods consists in the supply of labour or other services.
Article 4
This Convention governs only the formation of the contract of sale and the rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer arising from such a contract. In particular, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Convention, it is not concerned with:
(a) the validity of the contract or of any of its provisions or of any usage;
(b) the effect which the contract may have on the property in the goods sold.
Article 5
This Convention does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods to any person.
Article 6
The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.
Chapter II
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 7
(1) In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.
(2) Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.
Article 8
(1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.
(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.
(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.
Article 9
(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.
(2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.
Article 10
For the purposes of this Convention:
(a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract;
(b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.
Article 11
A contract of sale need not be concluded in or evidenced by writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form. It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.
Article 12
Any provision of article 11, article 29 or Part II of this Convention that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing does not apply where any party has his place of business in a Contracting State which has made a declaration under article 96 of this Convention. The parties may not derogate from or vary the effect or this article.
Article 13
For the purposes of this Convention "writing" includes telegram and telex.
PART II
FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT
Article 14
(1) A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. A proposal is sufficiently definite if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.
(2) A proposal other than one addressed to one or more specific persons is to be considered merely as an invitation to make offers, unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal.
Article 15
(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.
(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.
Article 16
(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before he has dispatched an acceptance.
(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked:
(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or
(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.
Article 17
An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.
Article 18
(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.
(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective at the moment the indication of assent reaches the offeror. An acceptance is not effective if the indication of assent does not reach the offeror within the time he has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time, due account being taken of the circumstances of the transaction, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
(3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act, such as one relating to the dispatch of the goods or payment of the price, without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed, provided that the act is performed within the period of time laid down in the preceding paragraph.
Article 19
(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.
(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects orally to the discrepancy or dispatches a notice to that effect. If he does not so object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.
(3) Additional or different terms relating, among other things, to the price, payment, quality and quantity of the goods, place and time of delivery, extent of one party's liability to the other or the settlement of disputes are considered to alter the terms of the offer materially.
Article 20
(1) A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dispatch or from the date shown on the letter or, if no such date is shown, from the date shown on the envelope. A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by telephone, telex or other means of instantaneous communication, begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree.
(2) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during the period for acceptance are included in calculating the period. However, if a notice of acceptance cannot be delivered at the address of the offeror on the last day of the period because that day falls on an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the offeror, the period is extended until the first business day which follows.
Article 21
(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without delay the offeror orally so informs the offeree or dispatches a notice to that effect.
(2) If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.
Article 22
An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.
Article 23
A contract is concluded at the moment when an acceptance of an offer becomes effective in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.
Article 24
For the purposes of this Part of the Convention, an offer, declaration of acceptance or any other indication of intention "reaches" the addressee when it is made orally to him or delivered by any other means to him personally, to his place of business or mailing address or, if he does not have a place of business or mailing address, to his habitual residence.
PART III
SALE OF GOODS
Chapter I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 25
A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result.
Article 26
A declaration of avoidance of the contract is effective only if made by notice to the other party.
Article 27
Unless otherwise expressly provided in this Part of the Convention, if any notice, request or other communication is given or made by a party in accordance with this Part and by means appropriate in the circumstances, a delay or error in the transmission of the communication or its failure to arrive does not deprive that party of the right to rely on the communication.
Article 28
If, in accordance with the provisions of this Convention, one party is entitled to require performance of any obligation by the other party, a court is not bound to enter a judgement for specific performance unless the court would do so under its own law in respect of similar contracts of sale not governed by this Convention.
Article 29
(1) A contract may be modified or terminated by the mere agreement of the parties.
(2) A contract in writing which contains a provision requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated by agreement. However, a party may be precluded by his conduct from asserting such a provision to the extent that the other party has relied on that conduct.
Chapter II
OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER
Article 30
The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.
Section I. Delivery of the goods and handing over of documents
Article 31
If the seller is not bound to deliver the goods at any other particular place, his obligation to deliver consists:
(a) if the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods - in handing the goods over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer;
(b) if, in cases not within the preceding subparagraph, the contract relates to specific goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or produced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at, or were to be manufactured or produced at, a particular place - in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at that place;
(c) in other cases - in placing the goods at the buyer's disposal at the place where the seller had his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract.
Article 32
(1) If the seller, in accordance with the contract or this Convention, hands the goods over to a carrier and if the goods are not clearly identified to the contract by markings on the goods, by shipping documents or otherwise, the seller must give the buyer notice of the consignment specifying the goods.
(2) If the seller is bound to arrange for carriage of the goods, he must make such contracts as are necessary for carriage to the place fixed by means of transportation appropriate in the circumstances and according to the usual terms for such transportation.
(3) If the seller is not bound to effect insurance in respect of the carriage of the goods, he must, at the buyer's request, provide him with all available information necessary to enable him to effect such insurance.
Article 33
The seller must deliver the goods:
(a) if a date is fixed by or determinable from the contract, on that date;
(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the buyer is to choose a date; or
(c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.
Article 34
If the seller is bound to hand over documents relating to the goods, he must hand them over at the time and place and in the form required by the contract. If the seller has handed over documents before that time, he may, up to that time, cure any lack of conformity in the documents, if the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.
Section II. Conformity of the goods and third party claims
Article 35
(1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.
(2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they:
(a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used;
(b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and judgement;
(c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model;
(d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods.
(3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the preceding paragraph for any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity.
Article 36
(1) The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time.
(2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will retain specified qualities or characteristics.
Article 37
If the seller has delivered goods before the date for delivery, he may, up to that date, deliver any missing part or make up any deficiency in the quantity of the goods delivered, or deliver goods in replacement of any non-conforming goods delivered or remedy any lack of conformity in the goods delivered, provided that the exercise of this right does not cause the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.
Article 38
(1) The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances.
(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at their destination.
(3) If the goods are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer without a reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or ought to have known of the possibility of such redirection or redispatch, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new destination.
Article 39
(1) The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it.
(2) In any event, the buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unless this time-limit is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee.
Article 40
The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of articles 38 and 39 if the lack of conformity relates to facts of which he knew or could not have been unaware and which he did not disclose to the buyer.
Article 41
The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party, unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim. However, if such right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property, the seller's obligation is governed by article 42.
Article 42
(1) The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have been unaware, provided that the right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property:
(a) under the law of the State where the goods will be resold or otherwise used, if it was contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract that the goods would be resold or otherwise used in that State; or
(b) in any other case, under the law of the State where the buyer has his place of business.
(2) The obligation of the seller under the preceding paragraph does not extend to cases where:
(a) at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of the right or claim; or
(b) the right or claim results from the seller's compliance with technical drawings, designs, formulae or other such specifications furnished by the buyer.
Article 43
(1) The buyer loses the right to rely on the provisions of article 41 or article 42 if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the right or claim of the third party within a reasonable time after he has become aware or ought to have become aware of the right or claim.
(2) The seller is not entitled to rely on the provisions of the preceding paragraph if he knew of the right or claim of the third party and the nature of it.
Article 44
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of article 39 and paragraph (1) of article 43, the buyer may reduce the price in accordance with article 50 or claim damages, except for loss of profit, if he has a reasonable excuse for his failure to give the required notice.
Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the seller
Article 45
(1) If the seller fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the buyer may:
(a) exercise the rights provided in articles 46 to 52;
(b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.
(2) The buyer is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies.
(3) No period of grace may be granted to the seller by a court or arbitral tribunal when the buyer resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.
Article 46
(1) The buyer may require performance by the seller of his obligations unless the buyer has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.
(2) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require delivery of substitute goods only if the lack of conformity constitutes a fundamental breach of contract and a request for substitute goods is made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.
(3) If the goods do not conform with the contract, the buyer may require the seller to remedy the lack of conformity by repair, unless this is unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances. A request for repair must be made either in conjunction with notice given under article 39 or within a reasonable time thereafter.
Article 47
(1) The buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations.
(2) Unless the buyer has received notice from the seller that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the buyer may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract. However, the buyer is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance.
Article 48
(1) Subject to article 49, the seller may, even after the date for delivery, remedy at his own expense any failure to perform his obligations, if he can do so without unreasonable delay and without causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or uncertainty, of reimbursement by the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer. However, the buyer retains any right to claim damages as provided for in this Convention.
(2) If the seller requests the buyer to make known whether he will accept performance and the buyer does not comply with the request within a reasonable time, the seller may perform within the time indicated in his request. The buyer may not, during that period of time, resort to any remedy which is inconsistent with performance by the seller.
(3) A notice by the seller that he will perform within a specified period of time is assumed to include a request, under the preceding paragraph, that the buyer make known his decision.
(4) A request or notice by the seller under paragraph (2) or (3) of this article is not effective unless received by the buyer.
Article 49
(1) The buyer may declare the contract avoided:
(a) if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or
(b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed.
(2) However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so:
(a) in respect of late delivery, within a reasonable time after he has become aware that delivery has been made;
(b) in respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a reasonable time:
(i) after he knew or ought to have known of the breach;
(ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period; or
(iii) after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated by the seller in accordance with paragraph (2) of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will not accept performance.
Article 50
If the goods do not conform with the contract and whether or not the price has already been paid, the buyer may reduce the price in the same proportion as the value that the goods actually delivered had at the time of the delivery bears to the value that conforming goods would have had at that time. However, if the seller remedies any failure to perform his obligations in accordance with article 37 or article 48 or if the buyer refuses to accept performance by the seller in accordance with those articles, the buyer may not reduce the price.
Article 51
(1) If the seller delivers only a part of the goods or if only a part of the goods delivered is in conformity with the contract, articles 46 to 50 apply in respect of the part which is missing or which does not conform.
(2) The buyer may declare the contract avoided in its entirety only if the failure to make delivery completely or in conformity with the contract amounts to a fundamental breach of the contract.
Article 52
(1) If the seller delivers the goods before the date fixed, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery.
(2) If the seller delivers a quantity of goods greater than that provided for in the contract, the buyer may take delivery or refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity. If the buyer takes delivery of all or part of the excess quantity, he must pay for it at the contract rate.
Chapter III
OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER
Article 53
The buyer must pay the price for the goods and take delivery of them as required by the contract and this Convention.
Section I. Payment of the price
Article 54
The buyer's obligation to pay the price includes taking such steps and complying with such formalities as may be required under the contract or any laws and regulations to enable payment to be made.
Article 55
Where a contract has been validly concluded but does not expressly or implicitly fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have impliedly made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.
Article 56
If the price is fixed according to the weight of the goods, in case of doubt it is to be determined by the net weight.
Article 57
(1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other particular place, he must pay it to the seller:
(a) at the seller's place of business; or
(b) if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or of documents, at the place where the handing over takes place.
(2) The seller must bear any increases in the expenses incidental to payment which is caused by a change in his place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract.
Article 58
(1) If the buyer is not bound to pay the price at any other specific time, he must pay it when the seller places either the goods or documents controlling their disposition at the buyer's disposal in accordance with the contract and this Convention. The seller may make such payment a condition for handing over the goods or documents.
(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller may dispatch the goods on terms whereby the goods, or documents controlling their disposition, will not be handed over to the buyer except against payment of the price.
(3) The buyer is not bound to pay the price until he has had an opportunity to examine the goods, unless the procedures for delivery or payment agreed upon by the parties are inconsistent with his having such an opportunity.
Article 59
The buyer must pay the price on the date fixed by or determinable from the contract and this Convention without the need for any request or compliance with any formality on the part of the seller.
Section II. Taking delivery
Article 60
The buyer's obligation to take delivery consists:
(a) in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery; and
(b) in taking over the goods.
Section III. Remedies for breach of contract by the buyer
Article 61
(1) If the buyer fails to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention, the seller may:
(a) exercise the rights provided in articles 62 to 65;
(b) claim damages as provided in articles 74 to 77.
(2) The seller is not deprived of any right he may have to claim damages by exercising his right to other remedies.
(3) No period of grace may be granted to the buyer by a court or arbitral tribunal when the seller resorts to a remedy for breach of contract.
Article 62
The seller may require the buyer to pay the price, take delivery or perform his other obligations, unless the seller has resorted to a remedy which is inconsistent with this requirement.
Article 63
(1) The seller may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the buyer of his obligations.
(2) Unless the seller has received notice from the buyer that he will not perform within the period so fixed, the seller may not, during that period, resort to any remedy for breach of contract. However, the seller is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance.
Article 64
(1) The seller may declare the contract avoided:
(a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or
(b) if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, perform his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed.
(2) However, in cases where the buyer has paid the price, the seller loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so:
(a) in respect of late performance by the buyer, before the seller has become aware that performance has been rendered; or
(b) in respect of any breach other than late performance by the buyer, within a reasonable time:
(i) after the seller knew or ought to have known of the breach; or
(ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, or after the buyer has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period.
Article 65
(1) If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may, without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him.
(2) If the seller makes the specification himself, he must inform the buyer of the details thereof and must fix a reasonable time within which the buyer may make a different specification. If, after receipt of such a communication, the buyer fails to do so within the time so fixed, the specification made by the seller is binding.
Chapter IV
PASSING OF RISK
Article 66
Loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act or omission of the seller.
Article 67
(1) If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale. If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place. The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the disposition of the goods does not affect the passage of the risk.
(2) Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise.
Article 68
The risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract. However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to the carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage. Nevertheless, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller.
Article 69
(1) In cases not within articles 67 and 68, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods are placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery.
(2) However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other than a place of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place.
(3) If the contract relates to goods not then identified, the goods are considered not to be placed at the disposal of the buyer until they are clearly identified to the contract.
Article 70
If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and 69 do not impair the remedies available to the buyer on account of the breach.
Chapter V
PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND OF THE BUYER
Section I. Anticipatory breach and instalment contracts
Article 71
(1) A party may suspend the performance of his obligations if, after the conclusion of the contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not perform a substantial part of his obligations as a result of:
(a) a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his creditworthiness; or
(b) his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract.
(2) If the seller has already dispatched the goods before the grounds described in the preceding paragraph become evident, he may prevent the handing over of the goods to the buyer even though the buyer holds a document which entitles him to obtain them. The present paragraph relates only to the rights in the goods as between the buyer and the seller.
(3) A party suspending performance, whether before or after dispatch of the goods, must immediately give notice of the suspension to the other party and must continue with performance if the other party provides adequate assurance of his performance.
Article 72
(1) If prior to the date for performance of the contract it is clear that one of the parties will commit a fundamental breach of contract, the other party may declare the contract avoided.
(2) If time allows, the party intending to declare the contract avoided must give reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to provide adequate assurance of his performance.
(3) The requirements of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the other party has declared that he will not perform his obligations.
Article 73
(1) In the case of a contract for delivery of goods by instalments, if the failure of one party to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment constitutes a fundamental breach of contract with respect to that instalment, the other party may declare the contract avoided with respect to that instalment.
(2) If one party's failure to perform any of his obligations in respect of any instalment gives the other party good grounds to conclude that a fundamental breach of contract will occur with respect to future instalments, he may declare the contract avoided for the future, provided that he does so within a reasonable time.
(3) A buyer who declares the contract avoided in respect of any delivery may, at the same time, declare it avoided in respect of deliveries already made or of future deliveries if, by reason of their interdependence, those deliveries could not be used for the purpose contemplated by the parties at the time of the conclusion of the contract.
Section II. Damages
Article 74
Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Such damages may not exceed the loss which the party in breach foresaw or ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract, in the light of the facts and matters of which he then knew or ought to have known, as a possible consequence of the breach of contract.
Article 75
If the contract is avoided and if, in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance, the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.
Article 76
(1) If the contract is avoided and there is a current price for the goods, the party claiming damages may, if he has not made a purchase or resale under article 75, recover the difference between the price fixed by the contract and the current price at the time of avoidance as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74. If, however, the party claiming damages has avoided the contract after taking over the goods, the current price at the time of such taking over shall be applied instead of the current price at the time of avoidance.
(2) For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the current price is the price prevailing at the place where delivery of the goods should have been made or, if there is no current price at that place, the price at such other place as serves as a reasonable substitute, making due allowance for differences in the cost of transporting the goods.
Article 77
A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach. If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated.
Section III. Interest
Article 78
If a party fails to pay the price or any other sum that is in arrears, the other party is entitled to interest on it, without prejudice to any claim for damages recoverable under article 74.
Section IV. Exemptions
Article 79
(1) A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.
(2) If the party's failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he has engaged to perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if:
(a) he is exempt under the preceding paragraph; and
(b) the person whom he has so engaged would be so exempt if the provisions of that paragraph were applied to him.
(3) The exemption provided by this article has effect for the period during which the impediment exists.
(4) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on his ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, he is liable for damages resulting from such non-receipt.
(5) Nothing in this article prevents either party from exercising any right other than to claim damages under this Convention.
Article 80
A party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party's act or omission.
Section V. Effects of avoidance
Article 81
(1) Avoidance of the contract releases both parties from their obligations under it, subject to any damages which may be due. Avoidance does not affect any provision of the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other provision of the contract governing the rights and obligations of the parties consequent upon the avoidance of the contract.
(2) A party who has performed the contract either wholly or in part may claim restitution from the other party of whatever the first party has supplied or paid under the contract. If both parties are bound to make restitution, they must do so concurrently.
Article 82
(1) The buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods if it is impossible for him to make restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which he received them.
(2) The preceding paragraph does not apply:
(a) if the impossibility of making restitution of the goods or of making restitution of the goods substantially in the condition in which the buyer received them is not due to his act or omission;
(b) if the goods or part of the goods have perished or deteriorated as a result of the examination provided for in article 38; or
(c) if the goods or part of the goods have been sold in the normal course of business or have been consumed or transformed by the buyer in the course of normal use before he discovered or ought to have discovered the lack of conformity.
Article 83
A buyer who has lost the right to declare the contract avoided or to require the seller to deliver substitute goods in accordance with article 82 retains all other remedies under the contract and this Convention.
Article 84
(1) If the seller is bound to refund the price, he must also pay interest on it, from the date on which the price was paid.
(2) The buyer must account to the seller for all benefits which he has derived from the goods or part of them:
(a) if he must make restitution of the goods or part of them; or
(b) if it is impossible for him to make restitution of all or part of the goods or to make restitution of all or part of the goods subs, , , tantially in the condition in which he received them, but he has nevertheless declared the contract avoided or required the seller to deliver substitute goods.
Section VI. Preservation of the goods
Article 85
If the buyer is in delay in taking delivery of the goods or, where payment of the price and delivery of the goods are to be made concurrently, if he fails to pay the price, and the seller is either in possession of the goods or otherwise able to control their disposition, the seller must take such steps as are reasonable in the circumstances to preserve them. He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the buyer.
Article 86
(1) If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any right under the contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as are reasonable in the circumstances. He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the seller.
(2) If goods dispatched to the buyer have been placed at his disposal at their destination and he exercises the right to reject them, he must take possession of them on behalf of the seller, provided that this can be done without payment of the price and without unreasonable inconvenience or unreasonable expense. This provision does not apply if the seller or a person authorized to take charge of the goods on his behalf is present at the destination. If the buyer takes possession of the goods under this paragraph, his rights and obligations are governed by the preceding paragraph.
Article 87
A party who is bound to take steps to preserve the goods may deposit them in a warehouse of a third person at the expense of the other party provided that the expense incurred is not unreasonable.
Article 88
(1) A party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 may sell them by any appropriate means if there has been an unreasonable delay by the other party in taking possession of the goods or in taking them back or in paying the price or the cost of preservation, provided that reasonable notice of the intention to sell has been given to the other party.
(2) If the goods are subject to rapid deterioration or their preservation would involve unreasonable expense, a party who is bound to preserve the goods in accordance with article 85 or 86 must take reasonable measures to sell them. To the extent possible he must give notice to the other party of his intention to sell.
(3) A party selling the goods has the right to retain out of the proceeds of sale an amount equal to the reasonable expenses of preserving the goods and of selling them. He must account to the other party for the balance.
PART IV
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 89
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is hereby designated as the depositary for this Convention.
Article 90
This Convention does not prevail over any international agreement which has already been or may be entered into and which contains provisions concerning the matters governed by this Convention, provided that the parties have their places of business in States parties to such agreement.
Article 91
(1) This Convention is open for signature at the concluding meeting of the United Nations Conference on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and will remain open for signature by all States at the Headquarters of the United Nations, New York until 30 September 1981.
(2) This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatory States.
(3) This Convention is open for accession by all States which are not signatory States as from the date it is open for signature.
(4) Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval and accession are to be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 92
(1) A Contracting State may declare at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention or that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention.
(2) A Contracting State which makes a declaration in accordance with the preceding paragraph in respect of Part II or Part III of this Convention is not to be considered a Contracting State within paragraph (1) of article 1 of this Convention in respect of matters governed by the Part to which the declaration applies.
Article 93
(1) If a Contracting State has two or more territorial units in which, according to its constitution, different systems of law are applicable in relation to the matters dealt with in this Convention, it may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, declare that this Convention is to extend to all its territorial units or only to one or more of them, and may amend its declaration by submitting another declaration at any time.
(2) These declarations are to be notified to the depositary and are to state expressly the territorial units to which the Convention extends.
(3) If, by virtue of a declaration under this article, this Convention extends to one or more but not all of the territorial units of a Contracting State, and if the place of business of a party is located in that State, this place of business, for the purposes of this Convention, is considered not to be in a Contracting State, unless it is in a territorial unit to which the Convention extends.
(4) If a Contracting State makes no declaration under paragraph (1) of this article, the Convention is to extend to all territorial units of that State.
Article 94
(1) Two or more Contracting States which have the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of business in those States. Such declarations may be made jointly or by reciprocal unilateral declarations.
(2) A Contracting State which has the same or closely related legal rules on matters governed by this Convention as one or more non-Contracting States may at any time declare that the Convention is not to apply to contracts of sale or to their formation where the parties have their places of business in those States.
(3) If a State which is the object of a declaration under the preceding paragraph subsequently becomes a Contracting State, the declaration made will, as from the date on which the Convention enters into force in respect of the new Contracting State, have the effect of a declaration made under paragraph (1), provided that the new Contracting State joins in such declaration or makes a reciprocal unilateral declaration.
Article 95
Any State may declare at the time of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession that it will not be bound by subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1 of this Convention.
Article 96
A Contracting State whose legislation requires contracts of sale to be concluded in or evidenced by writing may at any time make a declaration in accordance with article 12 that any provision of article 11, article 29, or Part II of this Convention, that allows a contract of sale or its modification or termination by agreement or any offer, acceptance, or other indication of intention to be made in any form other than in writing, does not apply where any party has his place of business in that State.
Article 97
(1) Declarations made under this Convention at the time of signature are subject to confirmation upon ratification, acceptance or approval.
(2) Declarations and confirmations of declarations are to be in writing and be formally notified to the depositary.
(3) A declaration takes effect simultaneously with the entry into force of this Convention in respect of the State concerned. However, a declaration of which the depositary receives formal notification after such entry into force takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of its receipt by the depositary. Reciprocal unilateral declarations under article 94 take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the receipt of the latest declaration by the depositary.
(4) Any State which makes a declaration under this Convention may withdraw it at any time by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary. Such withdrawal is to take effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of six months after the date of the receipt of the notification by the depositary.
(5) A withdrawal of a declaration made under article 94 renders inoperative, as from the date on which the withdrawal takes effect, any reciprocal declaration made by another State under that article.
Article 98
No reservations are permitted except those expressly authorized in this Convention.
Article 99
(1) This Convention enters into force, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, including an instrument which contains a declaration made under article 92.
(2) When a State ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, this Convention, with the exception of the Part excluded, enters into force in respect of that State, subject to the provisions of paragraph (6) of this article, on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
(3) A State which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention and is a party to either or both the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the Formation of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Formation Convention) and the Convention relating to a Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods done at The Hague on 1 July 1964 (1964 Hague Sales Convention) shall at the same time denounce, as the case may be, either or both the 1964 Hague Sales Convention and the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.
(4) A State party to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 52 that it will not be bound by Part II of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Sales Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.
(5) A State party to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to the present Convention and declares or has declared under article 92 that it will not be bound by Part III of this Convention shall at the time of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession denounce the 1964 Hague Formation Convention by notifying the Government of the Netherlands to that effect.
(6) For the purpose of this article, ratifications, acceptances, approvals and accessions in respect of this Convention by States parties to the 1964 Hague Formation Convention or to the 1964 Hague Sales Convention shall not be effective until such denunciations as may be required on the part of those States in respect of the latter two Conventions have themselves become effective. The depositary of this Convention shall consult with the Government of the Netherlands, as the depositary of the 1964 Conventions, so as to ensure necessary co-ordination in this respect.
Article 100
(1) This Convention applies to the formation of a contract only when the proposal for concluding the contract is made on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1.
(2) This Convention applies only to contracts concluded on or after the date when the Convention enters into force in respect of the Contracting States referred to in subparagraph (1)(a) or the Contracting State referred to in subparagraph (1)(b) of article 1.
Article 101
(1) A Contracting State may denounce this Convention, or Part II or Part III of the Convention, by a formal notification in writing addressed to the depositary.
(2) The denunciation takes effect on the first day of the month following the expiration of twelve months after the notification is received by the depositary. Where a longer period for the denunciation to take effect is specified in the notification, the denunciation takes effect upon the expiration of such longer period after the notification is received by the depositary.
DONE at Vienna, this day of eleventh day of April, one thousand nine hundred and eighty, in a single original, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention.
