讓我們大家一起學(xué)習(xí)英語語法, 先從動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)開始吧。 大家可以把下列的資料copy然后粘貼在Notepad或word里， 根據(jù)你所知的英語資料，給下面材料進(jìn)行增添和編輯！ 記住��！可千萬不要滲假信息在里面！要對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有認(rèn)真的態(tài)度, 才能真正學(xué)好英語。 然后再把編輯好的文章貼在這里，讓我們大家一起討論學(xué)習(xí)。

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

正確使用時(shí)態(tài)能反映一個(gè)人的英語基本功。一方面中國(guó)學(xué)生花很多時(shí)間來研究動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，而另一方面中國(guó)學(xué)生在寫作上和口語表達(dá)上經(jīng)常犯動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的錯(cuò)誤。我認(rèn)為出錯(cuò)的最主要原因是缺乏口頭和筆頭上的"大量練習(xí)"，其次是對(duì)容易混淆的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)之間缺乏透徹的比較。下文中將比較"多對(duì)"容易混淆的時(shí)態(tài)，從中總結(jié)出各種時(shí)態(tài)所運(yùn)用的條件，了解各種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別，其目的是讓你在比較之中掌握每一時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用，至少使你不犯太簡(jiǎn)單的語法錯(cuò)誤，如：
He　go　shopping　last　week.這也是掌握動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的一個(gè)方法，并且要熟讀甚至背誦例句。

1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法:
時(shí)（TENSE〕是個(gè)語法范疇，它是表示時(shí)間區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞形式。那在英語里"時(shí)"有兩個(gè)：現(xiàn)在時(shí)〔PRESENT TENSE）和過去時(shí)〔PAST TENSE）。
英語動(dòng)詞的"現(xiàn)在時(shí)"除了在主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞詞尾必須加-s或-es以外，其它都是動(dòng)詞原形。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)中的一種，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法是受動(dòng)詞詞匯意義制約的；這種動(dòng)詞形式通�？捎脕肀硎鞠铝幸饬x。

1) 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常發(fā)生性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度副詞和副詞時(shí)間狀語連用。
　 時(shí)間狀語： every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday， always, ever, frequently, hardly ever, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, usually等，頻度副詞通常位于主動(dòng)詞之前，如果主動(dòng)詞是be，則通常位于其后，也可以為了加強(qiáng)而位于其前。
　 I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 我每天早上七點(diǎn)鐘離開家去學(xué)校。
Percy often goes to his office by underground.
Father doesn't smoke.
He always sleeps with his windows open.
Mary usually learns languages very quickly but she doesn't seem able to learn modern Greek.
注意，hardly ever的含意是almost never，rarely的含義是not usually。以此類推，not ever=never; not always = usually; not usually = rarely; not only = seldom, 等等。
The students (always) are always on time for class.

2)表示不受時(shí)的限制的客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。
　 The earth moves around the sun.
　 Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
　 Pride goes before a fall.　驕者必?cái)　?

　 注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。
This　tastes　very　good.
　I　don't　believe　my　eyes.
　I　need　a　car.
　I　hate　this　music.
　 I don't want so much.
　 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
　　　I am doing my homework now.

　　第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

5) 在講述一個(gè)過去發(fā)生的故事時(shí)，有時(shí)可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的一系列事情。
This　use　is　called　the　"historical　present".如在看圖說話一類題時(shí)經(jīng)常用到這一點(diǎn)。

Examples:
一個(gè)美國(guó)人描述他到中國(guó)旅游的經(jīng)歷
　　My friend and I arrive at the capital air port in Beijing on the morning of May 25th, 1993.　Robert comes to meet with us in a taxi, and we drive to what is to be our apartment for nearly three.　week.　The　drive　is culture shock number one.　We see people everywhere.　Also, Beijin seem to be more modern than its has been written in all the books on China I have read. My friend and I are extremely astonished by the number of bicycles on the road, truly the kingdom of bicycles.　　

2 一般過去時(shí)的用法

1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
　 時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
　 Where did you go just now?

2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
　 When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
　 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.　　　　　

3）句型：
　 It is time for sb. to do sth　 "到……時(shí)間了"　 "該……了"
　 It is time sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了"　 "早該……了"
　 It is time for you to go to bed.　 你該睡覺了。
　 It is time you went to bed.　　　你早該睡覺了。
　 would (had) rather sb. did sth.　表示'寧愿某人做某事'
　 I'd rather you came tomorrow.

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等。
　I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。

比較：
　　一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。
　Christine was an invalid all her life.　
　 (含義：她已不在人間。)
　Christine has been an invalid all her life.　
　 (含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
　Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
　 (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
　Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
　( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
　　
注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。
1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
　　　Did you want anything else?
　　　I wondered if you could help me.
2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.
　　　Could you lend me your bike?

5) used to / be used to

　　used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。
　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.　　
　　Scarf used to take a walk.　 (過去常常散步)

　　be used to + doing： 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
　　He is used to a vegetarian diet.　　
　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)

典型例題　　　
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.　　　　　　
A. didn't　　B. couldn't　C. don't　D. can't
　　答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。

3 一般將來時(shí)

1)　shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。
　　will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。
　　Which paragraph shall I read first.
　　Will you be at home at seven this evening?

2)　be going to +不定式，表示將來。
　 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。
　　　What are you going to do tomorrow?
　 b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。
　　 The play is going to be produced next month。
　 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事
　　 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.

3)　 be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。
　　 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

4)　be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。
　　He is about to leave for Beijing.
　 注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。

5) be going to / will

用于條件句時(shí)， be going to　表將來
　　　　　　　 will　表意愿
　　If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
　　Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

6) be to和be going to

　　 be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。
　　 be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。
　I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.　　 (客觀安排)
　I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)

** 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來

1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。
　　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
　　　When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.

2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：
　　　 Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
　　　 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。
　　　 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
　　　 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
　　　 I hope they have a nice time next week.
　　　 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

5) 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來

　 意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
　 I'm leaving tomorrow.
　 Are you staying here till next week?

4 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過去分詞。

** 區(qū)別一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： 表達(dá)的動(dòng)作不表明動(dòng)作從何時(shí)開始或已進(jìn)行了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
　　Helen　and　Tom　are　happily　married.
　　Bruce　listens　to　the　news　every　morning.

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):
　a.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,但句子總是表明動(dòng)作是什么時(shí)候開始的。
　　Helen　and　Tom　have　been　happily　married　since　their　wedding　day　60　years　ago.
　　Bruce　has　listened　to　the　news　all　his　life　without　missing　a　day.

　b.與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用的兩個(gè)詞:　For　and　Since
　　For:表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間。如:for　two　minutes/weeks/years；for　several　days/a　long　time/the　past　month　而在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)不能與之連用。
Since:　表示動(dòng)作從何時(shí)開始的.　如:since　6:00/Apr.　23/last　week　/the　accident

** 區(qū)別現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,但不表明動(dòng)作從什么時(shí)候開始的。
　　He　is　waiting　over　there.
　　Matthew　is　study　Chinese　in　Beijing.

　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):
　a.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去開始的并且現(xiàn)在仍在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
　　He　has　been　waiting　over　there　since　2:00.
　　For　the　last　three　months,　Matthew　has　been　studying　Chinese.

　b.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)進(jìn)行了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間并且剛剛完成了的動(dòng)作。
　　Oh,　there　you　are!　I　have　been　looking　for　you　everywhere.

　c.與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)搭配的時(shí)間副詞:
　　since,　for,　all/week/month/year,　in　the　past　week/few　months/few　years,　recently,　lately

** 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):
　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：可表明發(fā)生動(dòng)作的具體數(shù)字和次數(shù)。
　　He　has　tried　to　pass　the　exam　twice.
　　
　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：不表明發(fā)生動(dòng)作的具體數(shù)字和次數(shù)。
　　He　has　been　trying　to　pass　the　exam　all　month.

**

** 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):

　 1）過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
　 2）過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。

一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語, 表示一個(gè)過去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
a. 表示一個(gè)過去已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。 Last　week　I　went　swimming　with　Tom.
b. 表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束。與之搭配的時(shí)間副詞:last　year,　last　weekend,　last　month.　有時(shí)用this　weekend,　this　year,
　　I　went　to　Canada　twice　this　year.
　　I　attended　a　wedding　party　this　weekend.
c.表示已完成的過去的一段活動(dòng):
　　Our　family　owned　that　house　for　generations.　(We　don't　own　it　now.)

共同的時(shí)間狀語:　
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately　

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
a.表示過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作但其發(fā)生的時(shí)間不確切或不知道。常用的時(shí)間副詞有:ever,　never,　yet,　still,　already,
　　Linda　still　hasn't　finished　her　assignment.
　　Stanley　has　already　gotten　bored　with　the　life　here　in　Toronto.
　　Have　you　ever　gone　to　Paris?
b.表示過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,其發(fā)生的時(shí)間仍在持續(xù)。常用的時(shí)間副詞有:this　week/weekend/month/year;　in　the　past　ten　years;　in　my　life;　today
　　I　have　gone　to　the　post　office　twice　today.
　　Eric　has　taken　several　courses　this　year.
c.表示現(xiàn)在仍在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,已知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生的時(shí)間和持續(xù)的時(shí)間。
　　Our　family　has　owned　that　house　for　generations.　(We　own　it　now.)

　 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
　 過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
　舉例：
　 I saw this film yesterday.
　　（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。）
　 I have seen this film.
　�。◤�(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）　
　 Why did you get up so early?
　　（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。）
　 Who hasn't handed in his paper?　
　　（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）
　 She has returned from Paris.　
　　 她已從巴黎回來了。
　 She returned yesterday.
　　 她是昨天回來了。
　 He has been in the League for three years.
　　(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
　 He has been a League member for three years.
　　(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
　 He joined the League three years ago.　
　　( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)
　 I have finished my homework now.　
　
　 ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
　 ---He's already been sent for.　
　 句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。
　 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
　 （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

** 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1）It is the first / second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
　 It is the first time that I have visited the city.
　 It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
　 This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
　　　 這是我看過的最好的電影。
　 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.　這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?　
　 ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was　 B. have been　 C. came　 D. am coming
　 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
　 ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come　 B. even, have come　　C. ever, come　 D. ever, have come
　 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。
　 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.
（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

** 比較since和for

　　Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。
　　I have lived here for more than twenty years.
　　I have lived here since I was born..
　　My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.　
　　Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
　　I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.　
　　My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.　
　　I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

　　注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
　　 I worked here for more than twenty years.
　　　(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
　　 I have worked here for many years.　　　
　　　(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)

　　小竅門：　當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。
　　1)　(對(duì)) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
　　　 = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
　　2)　(錯(cuò)) Harry has got married for six years.
　　　 = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
　　顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.　或 Harry has been married for six years.

** since的四種用法

　 1) since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)　(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。
　 I have been here since 1989.
　
　 2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago
　 I have been here since five months ago.

　 3) since +從句　
　 Great changes have taken place since you left.
　 Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

　 4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句
　 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

** 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞

1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
　　延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。
　　 He has completed the work.　　他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)
　　 I've known him since then.　　 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)

2)　用于till / until從句的差異
　　 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
　　 He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
　　　　他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。
　　 He slept until ten o'clock.　　　　　
　　　　他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
　
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.　
A. had met　B. have met　 C. met　D. meet
　 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
　---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been　 B. had been　 C. was　D. will be
　 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

5 過去完成時(shí)

1） 概念：表示過去的過去
----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前　 那時(shí)　現(xiàn)在　　　　　　

2） 用法
　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。
　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
　b. 狀語從句
　　 在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。
　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
　c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"
　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)　過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
　 He said that he had learned some English before.
　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例題　
　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　
A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left
　 答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此
前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

注意：　had no … when　　　　　還沒等…… 就……
　　　　had no sooner… than　　剛…… 就……
　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

**區(qū)別一般過去時(shí)和過去完成時(shí):
　　二者的區(qū)別在于過去完成時(shí)表示在過去的過去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
　　Mary　was　hungry　because　she　hadn't　eaten　breakfast.
　　Charlie　lost　his　way　to　the　hotel　although　he　had　been　there　a　few　days　earlier.
　　I　realized　that　I　hadn't　eaten　a　single　French　Fry　since　I　started　my　diet.

** 用一般過去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

1)　兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。
　　 When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
　　 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。
　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3)　敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。
　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

6 將來完成時(shí)

　1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to do sth.
　2) 概念　
　　a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。
　　b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
　　　They will have been married for 20 years by then.
　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

7 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：
　a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。常用的時(shí)間的動(dòng)作：（right）now, at the（this）moment, at　present,
Robert　is　teaching　at　this　moment。
　　Mendel　is　working　on　the　first　draft　of　his　essay。
　　I'm　looking　for　my　umbrella　right　now.
　　He's　enjoying　a　holiday　right　now.
　 We are waiting for you.
　b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。常用的時(shí)間副詞：these days, Nowadays,　today,　this semester/quarter, this week/month/year.
He's　relaxing　this　week.
　　He's　working　as　a　librarian　this　semester.
　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　
　　　(說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
　　 She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
　c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
　　 The leaves are turning red.
　　 It's getting warmer and warmer.
　d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。對(duì)一類經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情所表達(dá)的強(qiáng)烈情感。
He's　always　complaining.（他怎么總是抱怨。）
　　You're　always　dancing.（你怎么總是跳舞，是不是太多了吧。）
　　 You are always changing your mind.

典型例題
　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　
　A. has lost, don't find　　 B. is missing, don't find　C. has lost, haven't found　 D. is missing, haven't found.　　
　 答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。

** 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞
　1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
　　I have two brothers.
　　This house belongs to my sister.

　2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
　　I need your help.
　　He loves her very much.

　3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞
accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
　　I accept your advice.

　4) 系動(dòng)詞
seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
　　You seem a little tired.

8 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1） 概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2） 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while

　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　
　　 It was raining when they left the station.
　　 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　

典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　
A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes
　 答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同　時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell
　 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。

**區(qū)別一般過去時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí):

　a.二者的區(qū)別在于一般過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
　　My　brother　was　sleeping　at　2:00　yesterday　afternoon.
　　My　neighbor's　dog　was　barking　at　3:00　this　morning.

　b.二者的區(qū)別在于一般過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去同一時(shí)間兩個(gè)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 與之常用的時(shí)間副詞:while,　as ,
　　Robert　was　moving　the　lawn　while　Susan　was　fixing　the　car.
　　As　Michael　was　visiting　Paris,　Robert　was　teaching　English　classes　in　Beijing.

9 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

1) 概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。
　　　She'll be coming soon.
　　　I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.

2）常用的時(shí)間狀語
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

　　 By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

** 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)

時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。

典型例題
(1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
　A. had not given; had not succeeded　　B. would not give; succeed
　C. will not give; succeed　　　　　　 D. would not give; will succeed.
　 答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時(shí)，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時(shí)。

(2) 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。
　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物館明天10點(diǎn)開門。(實(shí)際上每天如此。)

**區(qū)別一般過去時(shí)和過去將來時(shí):

　　二者的區(qū)別在于過去將來時(shí)表示在過去打算做,但是沒有做的動(dòng)作.而一般過去時(shí)表示為什么沒有做的原因。
　　I　was　going　to　become　a　rock　star　but　I　didn't　know　the　right　people　in　the　music　business.

** 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過去時(shí)

1 )"書上說"，"報(bào)紙上說"等。
　 The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
　 報(bào)紙上說明天會(huì)很冷的。
2) 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。
　 Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

** 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

1) 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,　remember.
　I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
　I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

** 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)

1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
　 Look, here comes Mr. Li.

** 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)

1) 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。
　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?
　　We are leaving soon.　 我們馬上就走。
2〕 漸變動(dòng)詞，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。
　　He is dying.

**　區(qū)別過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　二者經(jīng)常混用,其最主要區(qū)別在于過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間"以前"正在所發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作.而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間的"前后"　正在發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。
　　He　had　been　doing　a　good　job　for　us　until　he　got　a　job　offer　from　another　company.　(He　stopped　doing　a　good　job　for　us.)
　　He　was　doing　a　good　job　for　us　when　another　company　offered　him　a　job.　(Perhaps　he　stopped　-　or　perhaps　he　continued.
　　He　took　their　offer　because　we　hadn't　been　paying　him　so　well.
　　He　took　their　offer　because　we　weren't　paying　him　very　well.　(His　wage　then　was　not　high　enough)

** 區(qū)別過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成時(shí):

　　二者的區(qū)別在于過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不能同某一確定的數(shù)量或次數(shù)連在一起,而過去完成時(shí)能夠連在一起。

　　過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)--He　said　he　had　been　losing　a　lot　of　weight.

　　過去完成時(shí)--He　said　he　had　lost　20　ponds.

** 區(qū)別一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來時(shí):

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在時(shí)間和條件從句當(dāng)中表示刑事處分將來時(shí)的動(dòng)作。
　　As　soon　as　I　save　enough　money　I'll　buy　a　big　house.
　　When　he　gets　back　home　he　will　phone　a　friend　in　New　York.
　　If　it　rains　tomorrow　we　will　cancel　the　camping　trip.　　

讓我們大家一起學(xué)習(xí)語法, 學(xué)過動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)再來研究形容詞與副詞。 大家可以把下列的資料copy然后粘貼在Notepad或word里， 根據(jù)你所知的英語資料，給下面材料進(jìn)行增添和編輯。 記住��！可千萬不要滲假信息在里面！要對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有認(rèn)真的態(tài)度, 才能真正學(xué)好英語。 然后再把編輯好的文章貼在這里，讓我們大家一起討論學(xué)習(xí)。