形容詞和副詞
1 形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質或特征。通常, 可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。
1) 直接說明事物的性質或特征的形容詞是性質形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hot 熱的。
2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。 例如:afraid 害怕的。 。ㄥe) He is an ill man. (對) The man is ill. 這個男的有病。 。ㄥe) She is an afraid girl. 。▽Γhe girl is afraid. 這個女孩害怕。 這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint虛弱的,afraid,alike相似的,alive活著的,alone單獨的,asleep睡著的,awake醒的 等。
3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之后,例如: something nice
2 以-ly結尾的形容詞 1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但 friendly友好的,deadly致命的,lovely可愛的,lonely孤獨的,likely很可能的,lively活潑的,ugly丑陋的,brotherly兄弟般的,仍為形容詞。 改錯:(錯) She sang lovely. (錯) He spoke to me very friendly. (對) Her singing was lovely. 她的歌聲很有趣。 (對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 他用一種友好的方式對我說話。
2)有些以-ly 結尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。 daily每天的,weekly每星期的,monthly每月的,yearly每年的,early早的, The Times is a daily paper. 時報是日報。 The Times is published daily. 時報是每天版。
3 用形容詞表示類別和整體
1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動詞的復數連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind瞎的,the hungry The poor are losing hope. 貧窮的人失去信心。 THE POOR定冠詞加形容詞表示窮人這一類的人。
2) 有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體,與動詞的復數連用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英國人很有幽默感。
4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個形容詞修飾名詞時,其順序為: 限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質,類別--名詞 a small round table, 一個小圓桌。 a tall gray building, 一座灰色的建筑。 a dirty old brown shirt, 一件臟舊褐色襯衣。 a famous German medical school, 一座著名德國醫(yī)學校。 an expensive Japanese sports car, 一輛貴重日本跑車。
5 如何進行絕對性形容詞的比較
下面談談絕對性形容詞的比較方法。有下面的一句話: The police found the wife was deader than the husband.
該句的本意想說從尸體僵硬程度等方面判斷,妻子比丈夫先被人謀殺。很顯然,既然是死了就是死了,沒有"比較死"、"最死"。這句話可以改為: The police found that the wife had been dead longer than the husband. 警察發(fā)現妻子比丈夫死的較早。
英語有些形容詞具有絕對性而不能用通常的方法進行比較。譬如漢語說的"方塊A比方塊B方",到了英語就不能是: Square A is squarer than Square B.
也不宜說: This table is rounder than that one.
要說明程度上的比較可以用more/less nearly + 形容詞這一模式。如: Square A is more nearly square than Square B. 方塊A要比方塊B更接近正方形些。 These lines are less nearly parallel than those.(這些線的平行度不如那些線。)
典型例題: 1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案:C。由"限定詞--數詞--描繪詞--(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --性質--名詞"的公式可知數詞,描繪詞,性質依次順序,只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質地+用途+國家+名詞。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案:B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時,可參照下表:
限定詞+數量詞(序數詞在前,基數詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square
新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞 old + brown + wood + table
6 副詞及其基本用法
副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。 一、副詞的位置: 1) 在動詞之前。 2) 在be動詞、助動詞之后! 3) 多個助動詞時,副詞一般放在第一個助動詞后。
注意: a. 大多數方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我們應該能非常清楚地看見我們前方的燈光。 b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well. 他英語說的很好。
二、副詞的排列順序: 1) 時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。 2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 請寫慢點和仔細點。 3) 多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。
注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。 改錯:(錯) I very like English. (對) I like English very much. 我非常喜歡英語。
注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. 我太不了解他。 There is enough food for everyone to eat. 有足夠的食物夠每個人吃的。 There is food enough for everyone to eat. 有足夠的食物夠每個人吃。
7 兼有兩種形式的副詞
1) close與closely close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地" He is sitting close to me. 他靠近我坐著。 Watch him closely. 仔細地打量他。 2) late 與lately late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. 你已經來的太遲了。 What have you been doing lately? 最近你都干了些什么? 3) deep與deeply deep意思是"深",表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. 他把棍子推進深泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film. 連父親都被電影深深感動。 4) high與highly high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當于much The plane was flying high. 飛機飛向高出。 I think highly of your opinion. 我深深地考慮你的意見。 5) wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地","在許多地方" He opened the door wide. 他把門敞開。 English is widely used in the world. 英語在世界上被廣泛地應用。 6) free與freely free的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. 在我的餐館里你可以免費享用任何你想吃的。 You may speak freely; say what you like. 你可以自由言論,說任何你想說的話。
副詞分句
在英語三種分句中,副詞分句種類最多,用途最廣。就其功用或意義說,副詞分句可以用來表示"時間、原因、條件、讓步、地點、目的、結果、方式、比較"等。
時間副詞分句由從屬連詞 when, since, before, after, while, as soon as 等引導。例如: ● Give me a call when you are free. ● Jim had done his homework before he went to class. ● As soon as the speaker entered the auditorium, the audience clapped.
原因副詞分句由從屬連詞 because, since, as 等引導。例如: ● Helen got the job because she was the most suitable candidate. ● As he was tired, he went to bed early.
條件副詞分句由從屬連詞 if, unless 等引導。例如: ● If you try hard, you are sure to improve. ● We will leave as planned unless we are informed otherwise.
讓步副詞分句由從屬連詞 though, although 等引導。例如: ● Though David was not well, he came to work as usual. ● I enjoy walking although I do not go out as much as I used to.
地點副詞分句由從屬連詞 where, wherever 等引導。例如: ● Where there is oppression, there is resistance. ● In today's world, you can go wherever you want.
目的副詞分句由從屬連詞 so that, in order that 等引導。例如: ● Please speak louder, so that all can hear you. ● The students work hard in order that they can pass.
結果副詞分句由從屬連詞 so...that, such...that 等引導。例如: ● The weather is so hot that I don't like to go out of doors. ● China is such a large country that it takes time to make it a fully developed nation.
方式副詞分句由從屬連詞 as, just as...so 等引導。例如: ● We will do as we are told. ● Just as men sow, so will they reap.
比較副詞分句由從屬連詞 as, than 等引導。例如: ● Dick is as smart as you (are). ● We know you better than he does.
這里有幾點要注意。第一、當副詞分句在句首出現時,要用逗號和主句隔開。第二、習慣上,先出現的分句的主語要用名詞,后出現的用代詞,如: Before John went out, he locked the door.
第三、有些副詞分句可以在句首,就最好把它們放在句首,主句在后。這樣可以使人更注意主句中的內容,達到較好的傳訊效益。例如:
a. Tom was absent as he was ill. b. As Tom was ill, he was absent.
a. The boys ran home when it rained. b. When it rained, the boys ran home.
a. You will do well if you surge ahead. b. If you surge ahead, you will do well.
a. Betty did not get the job though she was interviewed. b. Though Betty was interviewed, she did not get the job.
8 形容詞與副詞的比較級 大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。
1) 規(guī)則變化 單音節(jié)詞和少數雙音節(jié)詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。
構成法 原級 比較級 最高級 一般單音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est tall(高的) taller tallest great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不發(fā)音的e結尾的單音詞 nice(好的) nicer nicest large(大的) larger largest
少數以- le結尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-st able(有能力的) abler ablest
以一個輔音字母結尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞,雙寫結尾的輔音字母,再加-er,-est big(大的) bigger biggest hot熱的) hotter hottest
以輔音字母+y,結尾的雙音節(jié)詞,改y為i,再加-er,-est easy(容易的) easier easiest busy(忙的) busier busiest 少數以-er,-ow 結尾的雙音節(jié)詞未尾加-er,-est clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞,在前面加more,most來構成比較級和最高級。 important(重要的) more important most important easily(容易地) more easily most easily
2) 不規(guī)則變化
原級 比較級 最高級 good(好的)/ better best well(健康的)
bad (壞的)/ worse worst ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (遠的) farther/further farthest/furthest
9 as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as
1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他不能跑的像你那樣快。
2)當as… as 中間有名詞時采用以下格式。 as +形容詞+ a +單數名詞 as + many/much +名詞 This is as good an example as the other is. 這是一個好的例子就像另一個一樣好。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 我可以般動像你一樣般動的紙。
3)用表示倍數的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時,放在as的前面。 This room is twice as big as that one. 這個房間有兩個那個房間大。 Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房間和我的房間一樣大。
4) 倍數+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數+ then + of This bridge is three times as long as that one. 這座橋有那座橋三倍長。 This bridge is three times the length of that one. 這座橋在長度上有那座橋的三倍。 Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房間有我的房間的兩倍大。 Your room is twice the size of mine. 你的房間面積有我的房間兩倍大。
10 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than
You are taller than me. 你比我高。 The lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 你房間的燈光比我房間的燈光亮。
注意: 1)要避免重復使用比較級。 (錯) He is more cleverer than his brother. (對) He is more clever than his brother. 他比他的兄弟要聰明的多。 (對) He is clever than his brother. 他比他的兄弟要聰明。
2)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。 (錯) China is larger that any country in Asia. (對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 在亞洲中國比任何一個國家都大。
3)要注意對應句型,遵循前后一致的原則。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口比北京的人口要多。 It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 作計劃要比實現它要容易。
4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時候,前面才有可能有名詞。 比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.
11 可修飾比較級的詞
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)還可以用表示倍數的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。
典型例題: 1) ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes,I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案:B. any 可修飾比較級,quite修飾原級,well的比較級為better.
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案:C. much可修飾比較級,因此B,C都說得通,但easier本身已是比較級,不需more,因此C為正確答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案:D。
12 many,old 和 far
1) 如果后接名詞時, much more +不可數名詞 many more +可數名詞復數
2) old 有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關系。 My elder brother is an engineer. 我的哥哥是個工程師。 Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. MARY是姊妹三個中年長的一個。
3) far 有兩種比較級,farther,further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。 在美語中,father 表示距離,further表示進一步。 I have nothing further to say. 我沒有什么進一步要說的了。
13 the + 最高級 + 比較范圍
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉是世界上最大的一個沙漠。 形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級前可不用。 形容詞most前面沒有the,不表示最高級的含義,只表示"非常"。 It is a most important problem. 這是一個非常重要的問題。 =It is a very important problem. 這是一個非常重要的問題。 注意: 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內。 (錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. TOM是他兄弟三個中最高的一個。
**為什么最高級形容詞前面沒有定冠詞
Now the sun is closest to being straight above us.此時太陽離我們最近,就在我們頭頂上。
closest 雖然是最高級,但在這種情況下,前面通?梢允÷詔he,因為太陽能并沒有與其它星球比較哪個離我們最近,而是就太陽本身而言,也其它時間相比,太陽離我們最近。又譬如:
I am busiest on Mondays.我星期一最忙。
The library is quietest at this hour.這個時候圖書館最安靜。
句中的"我"和"圖書館"都是和自身比較,在某個時候"最...",因此定冠詞可以省略。
2) 下列詞可修飾最高級,by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意: a. very可修飾最高級,但位置與much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序數詞通常只修飾最高級。 Africa is the second largest continent. 非洲是第二大洲。
3) 句型轉換: Mike is the most intelligent in his class. MIKE在班級里是最聰明的一個。 Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 在班級里MIKE要比別的學生聰明些。
4) "否定詞語+比較級","否定詞語+ so… as"結構表示最高級含義。 Nothing is so easy as this. 沒有什么比這個容易。 =Nothing is easier than this. 沒有什么比這個更容易。 =This is the easiest thing. 這是一個最容易的事情。
14 和more有關的詞組
1) the more… the more… 越……就越…… The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 工作越努力,你就會越進步。
2) more B than A 與其說A不如說B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work. 在他的工作中于其說他慢不如說他懶惰。 = He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 與……一樣……,不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 公務員可看到于上層領導一樣多。 no less… than… 與……一樣…… He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一樣。
4) more than 不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all. 她對我們所有人都友善。
典型例題 1)The weather in China is different from____. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案:D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家,C不能選。A沒有名詞,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用來代替可數名詞,而that可車以代替不可數或抽象名詞,所以選D。
2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數用"倍數+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。 This ruler is three times as long as that one.
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